Micro Final

• Organs involved in human urinary system

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• Organs involved in female reproductive system

  • Ovaries
  • Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tubes)
  • Uterus (Including Cervix)
  • Vagina (Birth Canal)
  • External Genitalia (Vulva)
• Organs involved in male reproductive system

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
  • Urethra
  • Accessory Glands
  • Penis
• Which parts of the urinary system are typically sterile?

  • Urinary Bladder
  • Upper Respiratory Tract
• In the vagina, what are the common bacterias that live there?

  • Lactobacilli
  • Streptococci
  • Candida albicans
• Inflammation of the urethra

  Urethritis
• Inflammation of the bladder

  Cystitis
• Infection of the ureters

  Ureteritis
• Inflammation of one or both kidneys

  Pyelonephritis
• What bacteria species causes gonorrhea?

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?

  • Painful Urination
  • Discharge / Pus
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?

  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Fewer Symptoms
• If gonorrhea is left untreated what can it turn into?

  • Endocarditis
  • Meningitis
  • Arthritis
• What virus is the cause of genital herpes?

  HSV-2
• What are the symptoms of HSV-2?

  • Painful vesicles on genitals
  • Painful urination
  • May heal within 2 weeks
• Selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging host

  Selective Toxicity
• The use of chemicals to treat a disease

  Chemotherapy
• Substance produced by a microbe that in small amounts inhibits another microbe

  Antibiotic
• Synthetic substance that interfere with the growth of microbes

  Antimicrobial Drugs
• Kills microbes directly

  Bactericidal
• Prevents microbes from growing

  Bacteriostatic
• Resistant penicillins

  Penicillinase
• What inhibits cell wall synthesis?

  Penicillin
• What are the 5 major action modes of antibacterial drugs?

  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
  3. Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
  4. Injury to plasma membrane
  5. Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
• Inhibit folic acid synthesis needed for the nucleic acid and protein synthesis

  Sulfonamides
• The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is an example of what?

  Drug Synergism
• Aids in the production of DNA and RNA

  Folic Acid
• How do humans get folic acid?

  Food
• How do bacteria get folic acid?

  Synthesize it
• Why is it more difficult to find a point of selective toxicity in anti fungal drugs as compared to antibacterial drugs?

  Fewer differences in the selective toxicity in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes
• As compared to antibacterial drugs, why are there so few antiviral drugs?

  Since viruses replicate in the host cells, it is difficult to target the virus without damaging host cells
• How does acyclovir stop viral replication?

  It inhibits viral DNA integration into the host genome
• What nucleoside does acyclovir resemble?

  Deoxyguanosine
• What does the Kirby-Baur test do?

  Determines the sensitivity of an organism to an antibiotic
• How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

  • Blocking entry
  • Inactivation by enzymes
  • Alteration of target molecule
  • Efflux of antibiotic
• What are ways that patients misuse antibiotics that tend to lead towards antibiotic resistant microbes?

  • Use in inappropriate conditions
  • Using someones leftover prescription
  • Not completing prescribed regimen
  • Using outdated or weak antibiotics
• The effects of two drugs together is greater than the effect of one alone

  Drug Synergism
• The effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

  Antagonism
• What is the central nervous system?

  Brain and Spinal Cord
• What is the peripheral nervous system?

  Nerves that branch from CNS