anaphy

• structural framework for body

  support soft tissues

  provide attachment points for tendons


  Support (function)
• protects most important internal organs from injury

  protection (function)
• pull on bones to produce movements

  assistance in movement
• stores several minerals

  bone releases minerals into blood to maintain critical mineral balances

  distribute minerals to other body parts

  mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
• hemopoiesis = red bone marrow produces rbc, wbc, and platelets

  Blood Cell Production
• yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells store glycerides

  stored glycerides = potential chemical energy reserve


  triglyceride storage
• growing between

  bone's shaft or body

  long cylindrical main portion of bone

  diaphysis
• growing over

  proximal and distal ends of bone


  epiphysis
• regions between diaphysis and epiphyses

  metaphyses
• thin layer of hyaline cartilage

  cover part of epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone

  reduces friction and absorbs shock

  articular cartilage
• tough connective tissue sheath

  surrounds bone not covered by articular cartilage

  protects bone, assists in fracture repair, nourish bone

  periosteum
• hollow, cylindrical space that contains fatty yellow bone marrow

  minimizes weight of bone by reducing dense bony material

  long bones' tubular design for max strength with min weight

  medullary cavity
• thin membrane that lines medullary cavity

  contains single layer of bone-forming cells

  endosteum
• unspecialized bone stem cells

  osteoprogenitor cells
• bone building cells

  osteoblasts
• mature bone cells

  main cells in bone tissue and maintain daily metabolism

  exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood

  osteocytes
• huge cells derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes

  concentrated in endosteum


  osteoclasts
• contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue

  found beneath periosteum of all bones and makes up bulk of diaphyses

  compact bone tissue
• trabecular or cancellous bone tissue

  does not contain osteons

  located inferior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone


  spongy bone tissue
• small arteries accompanied by nerves

  enter diaphysis through many interosteonic (volkmannn's or perforating) canals

  supply periosteum and outer compact bone

  periosteal arteries
• enter bone through nutrient foramen

  sustains high blood pressure

  nutrient artery
• enter metaphyses of long bone together with nutrient artery

  metaphyseal artery
• enter epiphyses of long bone


  epiphyseal arteries
• any break in a bone

  named according to severity, shape, position

  fracture
• series of microscopic bone fissures that forms without evidence of injury to other tissues

  stress fracture
• early inflammatory phase

  blood vessels crossing fracture line are broken

  fracture hematoma

  reactive phase
• mass of blood in reactive phase that forms 6-8hrs after injury

  fracture hematoma
• blood vessels grow into fracture hematoma and phagocytes begin to clean up dead bone cells

  fibrocartilaginous callus = mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges broken bone ends

  formation takes about 3 weeks

  fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation
• osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts

  lasts about 3-4 months

  bony callus formation
• final phase of fracture repair

  dead portion of original broken bones are gradually resorbed by osteoclasts

  compact bone replaces spongy bone around fracture periphery

  bone remodeling phase
• number of bones in adult human

  206
• number of bones in infants and children

  more than 206 bones
• total bones in axial skeleton

  80 bones
• AXIAL SKELETON

  skull

  • 8 cranium
  • 14 face

  1 hyoid bone

  6 auditory ossicles

  26 vertebral column

  thorax

  • 1 sternum
  • 24 ribs
• total bones in appendicular skeleton

  126 bones
• APPENDICULAR SKELETON

  pectoral girdles

  • 2 clavicle
  • 2 scapula

  upper limbs

  • 2 humerus
  • 2 ulna
  • 2 radius
  • 16 carpals
  • 10 metacarpals
  • 28 phalanges

  pelvic girdle

  • 2 hip, pelvic, or coxal bone

  lower limbs

  • 2 femur
  • 2 patella
  • 2 fibula
  • 2 tibia
  • 14 tarsals
  • 10 metatarsals
• greater length than width

  consist of shaft and variable number of extremities

  long bones
• absorbs stress of body's weight

  curved bones
• cube shaped

  nearly equal length and width

  consist of spongy bone tissue except at surface

  most carpal bones and tarsal bones

  short bones
• generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue

  afford considerable protection and extensive areas for muscle attachment

  flat bones