Unit 6 systems anatomy

• Systems anatomy


  Casemla ton
• Embryo formation


  1. 3 layers

  2. Primitive Streak

  3. Initiates gastrulation

  4. Lateral plate mesoderm forms

  5. Somites develop into parts of body
• Dorsal


  • Back / posterior
• Caudal


  • Tail
• Dextra


  • Right
• Sinistra


  • Left
• Ventra


  • Anterior tummy
• Media


  • In the middle line
• Median line


  • Precise middle mid line
• Proximal


  • Closer to midline
• Distal


  • Away from midline
• Superficial


  • Outside e.g. skin
• Cranial

  • 
    
• Appendicular


  • Something added or attached
• Lumbar


  • Lower back
• Brachial


  • 15m 5
• Sagittal section


  Right and left
• Frontal section


  Anterior and posterior
• Branches of anatomy


  • Gross anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Cytology
  • Histology
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Embryology
  • Comparative anatomy
• Gastrulation


  1. Bilaminar disc/blastocyst changes to the gastrula

  2. Initiated by the formation of the primitive streak

  3. Embryoblast (inner cell mass) divides into 2 parts: Epiblast and Hypoblast

  4. Active movement of epiblast cells to become 3 germ layers: Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
• Neurulation


  1. Development of the neural tube to become the CNS (Central Nervous System) in 6 major steps

  2. Notochord induces formation of neuroectoderm

  3. Neural tube folds inwards and form a groove

  4. Neural folds form bilaterally

  5. Folds fuse and pinch off the neural tube

  6. Tube fuses caudal and cranially

  7. Neural crest cells develop on the tips of the folds and later migrate into mesoderm to form structures of the PNS (Peripheral Neurological system)

  8. Spina Bifida
• Somites


  • 39 pairs, each have 3 functional parts: Sclerotome cells, Myotome cells, Dermatome cells
• Derivatives of mesoderm


  • Paraxial mesoderm (somites)
  • Intermediate mesoderm (kidney and gonads)
  • Lateral plate mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic)
• Folding of the embryo

  1. Lateral folding at 4 weeks

  2. Cranio-caudal folding
• Derivatives of the trilaminar embryo disk

  • Ectoderm: Epidermis, hair, nails, glands of skin, brain and spinal cord, neural crest and derivatives
  • Mesoderm: Sclerotome, Dermatome, Myotome, Kidneys, Gonads, Parietal serosa, Dermis of ventral body region, Connective tissues of limbs, Wall of digestive and respiratory tracts, Visceral serosa, Heart, Blood vessels
  • Endoderm: Epithelial lining and glands of digestive and respiratory tracts
• Three axis of embryo

  • Caudal/tail
  • Ventral
  • Cranial/Cephalic/head
  • Dorsal
  • Left side/sinistra
  • Right side/dextra
  • Anterior/Posterior
• Anatomical position


  Feet facing forward, hip width apart, palms facing forward, arms at the sides, head strait forward, eyes looking forward
• Gross anatomy topics


  • The anatomical position
  • Directional and regional terms
  • Body planes and sections
  • Anatomical variability
  • The human body plan
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Cephalic
  • Vertebral
  • Thoracic
  • Appendicular
  • Brachial
  • Lumbar
• Body planes and sections

  • Sagittal
  • Coronal
  • Transverse
• The human body plan

  • Humans as vertebrates and share some basic features with other vertebrates
  • Tube-within-a-tube
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • Notochord and vertebrae – vertebrae protect the spinal column
  • Segmentation – somites
• Body cavities


  • Dorsal cavity divided into a cranial and vertebral cavity
  • Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs) divided into two main cavities: Thoracic cavity, Abdomino-pelvic cavity
  • Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa): Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity, Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
  • Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints
• Serosa

  Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity, Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
• Naming of serous membranes (serosa)

  • Pericardial: heart
  • Pleural: lungs
  • Peritoneal: abdominal
• Abdominopelvic quadrants


  • RUQ
  • LUQ
  • RLQ
  • LLQ
• Abdominopelvic regions


  • Epigastric
  • Umbilical
  • Hypogastric
  • L inguinal/ or iliac
  • L flank
  • L hypochondrium
• Vertebral levels as landmarks
• Organ systems


  • endocrine system
• Descriptive Table of Vertebrate Hormones
• The Glycoprotein Hormone Family

  • The Gonadotropins (LH, FSH, hCG)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Pro-Opiomelanocortin (POMC) Family


  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, ACTH
  • POMC-Derived Melanocortins & Feeding