BSEE 32

• Literature


  An art; from a Latin word 'litera' meaning letter. Body of written works of a particular time, country especially those valued for excellence of form and expression.
• Literature


  • Creative and universal means of communication
  • Deals with the ideas, thoughts and emotions of man and said to be the story of man
• Why do we study Literature
• Why do we study Literature

  • Literature is a conforming mirror of reality
  • Literature serves as an expression of ideas and feelings
  • Literature enlarges the reader's world
  • It is a means of preserving the culture and appreciating literary heritage
• Roles of Literature


  • Acts as a form of expression for each individual author
  • Broadens one's understanding of human condition
  • Connects the past and the present and even the future
• Essence and Functions of Literature

  • Entertainment
  • Social and Political
  • Ideological
  • Moral
  • Linguistic
  • Cultural
  • Educational
• Divisions of Literature


  • Fiction
  • Non-Fiction
• Genres of Literature


  • Prose
  • Poetry
• Lyric Poetry


  Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet.
• Narrative Poetry


  This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary.
• Dramatic Poetry


  Encompasses a highly emotional story that is written in verse and meant to be recited. It usually tells a story or refers to a specific situation.
• Types of Lyric Poetry

  • Folksongs
  • Sonnets
  • Elegy
  • Ode
  • Psalms
  • Awit
  • Corrido
• Folksongs


  These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
• Sonnet


  This is a lyric poem of 14 lines in iambic pentameter, dealing with an emotion, a feeling or an idea.
• Elegy


  This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death.
• Ode


  This is a poem of noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.
• Psalms


  This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
• Awit (Song)


  These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Example is Florante at Laura
• Corridos


  These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat. Ex: Ibong Adarna
• Types of Narrative Poetry

  • Epic
  • Ballad
  • Metrical Tale
• Epic


  This is an extended narrative about adventures and heroic exploits often under supernatural control. It may deal with heroes and gods.
• Ballads


  This type of narrative poetry tells a story intended to be sung to the accompaniment and with dance.
• Metrical Tale


  Narrative poem written in verse that relates to real or imaginary events in simple, straightforward language, from a wide range of subjects, characters, life experiences and emotional situations.
• Types of Dramatic Poetry

  • Farce
  • Comedy
  • Tragedy
  • Melodrama
• Tragedy


  This involves a hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; the protagonist meets death and ruin without success.
• Comedy


  This form is usually light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending.
• Farce


  This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true.
• Melodrama


  This is usually used in musical plays with the opera.
• Types of Prose


  • Novel
  • Short Story
  • Plays/Drama
  • Legends
  • Fables
  • Anecdotes
  • Essay
  • Biography
  • News
  • Oration
• Literary Terms


  • Action
  • Allusion
  • Antagonist
  • Characterization
  • Climax
  • Connotation
  • Denouement
  • Dialogue
  • Diction
  • Exposition
  • Fable
  • Metaphor
  • Satire
  • Mood
  • Parable
  • Theme
  • Point of View
  • Protagonist
  • Foreshadowing
  • Flashback
  • Characters
  • Plot
• Genres and Elements of Literature

  • Poetry
  • Prose
• Elements of Poetry


  • Rhyme
  • Rhythm
  • Horizontal Measure
  • Vertical Measure
  • Theme
  • Tone
  • Mood
  • Moral
  • Symbolism
  • Values
• Forms of Poetry


  • Conventional Form
  • Unconventional Form
• Elements of Prose


  • Characters
  • Point of View
  • Plot
  • Setting
  • Conflict
  • Theme
• Techniques and Literary Devices - Poetry

  • Parallelism
  • Ellipsis
• Techniques and Literary Devices - Prose

  • Flashback
  • Foreshadowing
  • Juxtaposition
  • Irony
  • Symbol
• Figurative Languages

  • Simile
  • Metaphor
  • Oxymoron
  • Antithesis
  • Paradox
  • Irony
  • Metonymy
  • Allusion
  • Personification
  • Apostrophe
  • Alliteration
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Assonance
  • Consonance
  • Pun
  • Litotes
  • Hyperbole
• Sound Devices

  • Figures of Sound
  • Phonetics/Phonemic Awareness
• Semantics


  The study of meaning
• Personal Value of Literature for Children

  • Enjoyment
  • Imagination and Inspiration
  • Knowledge and Insights
  • Understanding and Empathy
  • Heritage and Cultural Identity
  • Moral Reasoning
  • Literary and Artistic Preferences