AP Psych EVERYTHING (I think)

• Charles Darwin


  Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species
• William Wundt


  Introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science); father of modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology
• John Watson


  Founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning skills to advertising; most famous for Little Albert experiment, where he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to all small, white animals
• Alfred Adler


  Neo-Freudian; believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the ideal self, inferiority/superiority complex, sibling rivalry
• Carl Jung


  Disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believed in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (young warrior, wise man of the village, loving mother, etc.); coined the terms introversion and extroversion
• Gordon Allport


  Three levels of traits-- 1. cardinal trait- dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all people, 3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not in others
• Albert Ellis


  Father of Rational Emotive Therapy, which focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotion (like, "if I fail the AP exam my life will come to an end")
• Albert Maslow


  Humanist psychologist who said we have a series of needs which must be met; you can't achieve the top level, self-actualization, unless the previous levels have been achieved; from bottom to top the levels are physiological needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization; lower needs dominate and individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied
• Carl Rogers

  Humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard; people will naturally strive for self-actualization and high self-esteem, unless society taints them; reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self-awareness or their feelings; client-centered therapy
• B.F. Skinner

  Operant conditioning-- techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Skinner box; believed psychology was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau rosa (blank slate); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only behavior
• Ivan Pavlov

  Father of classical conditioning-- an unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behavior called an unconditional response, but with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response
• Noam Chomsky

  Believed there are an infinite number of sentences in a language and that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language; words and concepts are learned but the brain is hardwired for grammar and language
• Jean Piaget

  Four-stage theory of cognitive development-- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth
• Erik Erikson

  People evolve through 8 states over the life span; each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting "who am I"
• Lawrence Kohlberg

  His theory states that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional)
• Carol Gilligan

  Maintained the Kohlberg's work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgment of men and women
• Hans Eysenck

  Personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion
• Stanley Schacter

  Believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal
• Mary Cover Jones

  Systemic desensitization; maintained that fear could be unlearned; Little Peter experiment
• Benjamin Whorf

  His hypothesis is that language determines the way we think
• Robert Sternberg

  Triarchic theory of intelligence- [1] Analytical - academic problem-solving intelligence (school smarts) [2] Practical intelligence (street smarts) [3] Creative intelligence (C.A.P. – Put your thinink cap on to be smart!)
• Howard Gardner

  Theory of multiple intelligences
• Albert Bandura

  Observational learning- allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of the same behaviors; social learning theory
• E.L. Thorndike

  Law of effect-the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and vice versa
• Alfred Binet

  Frenchie, created general I.Q. tests
• Lewis Terman

  Revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children
• David Weschler

  Established an intelligence test especially for adults (Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults)
• Charles Spearman

  Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g" for general ability
• Hermann Rorschach

  Developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality
• Philip Zimbardo

  Conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment; studied the power of social roles to influence peoples' behavior; proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped because it got out of control
• David Rosenhan

  Conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of behavior on being a patient; proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting
• Solomon Asch

  Study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all the members of a group gave an obviously incorrect answer
• Stanley Milgram

  Conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient
• Harry Harlow

  Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully
• William Sheldon

  Theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)
• Sigmund Freud

  Psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious; id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our behavior and personalities
• Karen Horney

  Criticized Freud; said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs
• Martin Seligman

  Learned helplessness is the giving up reaction that occurs from the experience that whatever you do you cannot change your situation
• Herman Ebbinghas

  First to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; learning curves; primacy and recency effects, serial position effect
• Hubel/Wisel

  Did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex, FEATURE DETECTORS! Allow for parallel processing!