The making of America

• States added to the Union in 1789-1939


  Mississippi, Lousiana,Ohio,Maine,Alabama
• The cotton gin

  made by Eli Whitney in 1793
• Louisiana purchase

  1803

  Louisiana became a state in 1812

  Thomas Jefferson bought 530 million acres for $15 million
• Missouri Compromise

  1820

  Maine was created to balance states

  States had to join in pairs
• Battle of Fallen Timbers

  1794

  George Washington put 80% of the government budget to fight the Indians

  Forced them to sign the Treaty of Greenville, allowing america to expand
• America gained independence

  1783
• Rebellions (1793-1838)

  1803

  On St Dominique island

  1811 Charles Deslondes organised a revolt in deep south
• British granted the lands west of the Appalachian mountains to the US

  1783
• Seminoles and Creeks vs white settlers

  Forced to hand over 23 million acres of land in 1814 by a slave holder called Andrew Jackson
• Indian Removal Act

  1830 by President Andrew Jackson

  Moved Indians West from the East
• Second Seminole War

  1835-1842

  After the rejection of a treaty and negotiation
• Creeks resistance

  Signed a treaty in 1832 which they gave over their Alabama territory

  White settlers squatted on Creek land but the government didn’t help

  1835 the Creeks began stealing crops, but in 1836 the Secretary of War ordered the removal of all Creeks.By 1837, 15,000 had moved
• Trail of tears

  In 1835 they signed a treaty but 15,000 signed a petition to congress.

  1838, 7000 US troops forced 18,000 Cherokees into concentration camps

  5000 died on this journey from disease and starvation

  By 1838, Jackson removed 46,000 Indians from their lands
• The Oregon Trail


  1836
• Economic Downturn

  1837
• Pre-exemption Act


  1841

  Anyone who built a house in Oregon would be first in line to buy the land around it
• Route west mapped

  1840
• Migration west

  By 1850 , over 3000 black americans migrated

  25% of the population were foreign born
• Mormons

  1844 - Their leader , Joseph Smith, was killed by a mob

  Led to Salt Lake City by Brigham Young in 1847
• California Gold Rush

  1848-1849

  found at Sutters mill

  by 1849 50,000 people moved

  many people did not find gold

  California became a state in 1850

  and in 1850 an act was passed saying unemployed Indians could be sold as slaves
• Pikes Peak

  1858-1859

  Found at Kansas

  More than 100,000 moved by 1859

  Town boosters lied about routes to attract visitors

  Kansas became a state in 1861

  White settlers moved on Arapaho winter settling land
• Causes of the Civil War

  1861-1877

  • North and South business cultures
  • Clay Compromise(1850)
  • James Buchanan (1856)-democrat southerner
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
  • Abolitionists
• Clay Compromise

  1850

  by senator Henry Clay

  • California would be a free state
  • selling of slaves banned in Washington DC
  • territories gained from Mexico could decide to be free or slave states
  • fugitive slave act- escaped slaves had to be returned south
• Kansas-Nebraska Act

  1854

  • Overturned the Missouri Compromise
  • Kansas and Nebraska could be free or slave states
• Emancipation Proclamation

  1st January 1863
• Black Experience in the Civil War

  1861-1862

  • weren't allowed to fight in the war so they built defenses
  • in july 1862 , slaves could be held as Contraband of War so many slaves tried to escape throughout to join the army
• Reconstruction

  the rebuilding of america after the Civil War
• Radical Reconstruction 


  the attempt to secure full civil rights for black Americans after the civil war
• Pacific Railroad Act

  1862

  12,000 chinese immigrants built the railroad

  many died from accidents or illness
• Homestead Act

  1862

  160 acres for $10
• Roles of black soldiers in the civil war

  • First South Carolina Volunteers
  • 54th Massachusetts Coloured Regiment
  • 70% of Northern black men joined the Union army
  • Ex-slaves played a major role in later victories
  • Black soldiers were often treated poorly by white generals and were not allowed to become officers
  • They were often given heavy labour duties and were paid less than white soldiers
  • Some soldiers refused their pay until it was made equal with white soldiers
  • After the execution of a number of black soldiers for disobedience, equal pay was granted in June 1864
• Outcomes for black soldiers during civil war

  • Not allowed to become officers
  • Given heavy labour duties
  • Paid less than white soldiers
  • Some refused pay until equal
  • Equal pay granted in June 1864 after executions
• Little Crows War 1862


  Dakota Sioux forced to give up 28million acres

  Given low quality supplies and starved

  • killed over 700 US soldiers and white settlers whilst raiding food storage houses
  • 300 were sentenced to death , only 38 were hanged
• Sand Creeks Massacre 1864


  Led by General Chivington, a way to gain control of the plains

  • 230 cheyenne and arapaho were murdered
  • Reservations were reduced by 60%
• Red Clouds War 1865

  Black Kettle spread stories of the massacre, bozeman trail broke the fort laramie treaty by going through native american lands

  • Red Cloud attacked travellers
  • refused to sign a treaty in 1866
  • Attacked forts and killed 80 men in fettermans trap
• Great Sioux War and Battle of Little Bighorn 1876-1877


  The 1868 treaty was broken when gold was found which brought 10,000s of people onto Lakota lands by 1875

  • Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull attacked General Crook in June
  • 25th June Custer led 210 men to Indian camps where they were all murdered by Indians
  • Crazy Horse was killed in 1977
  • US took the black hills and 40million acres
• In 1789 most of the 694,000 slaves in the south could not vote
• Theory of expansion (1789 - 1838)

  • need for security - Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794
  • land speculation - 1785 Land Ordnance sold 6 miles of land for $2
  • Desire for trade - Louisiana Purchase 1803 that opened up 530 million acres , Lewis and Clark expedition for fur trade
• Slaves counted at 3/5 of a person in the vote (1793 - 1838)
• Louisiana became a state in 1812