INFECTION CONTROL

• INFECTION - Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues that may be clinically in apparent or may result in local cellular injury as a result of competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or

  antigen– antibody response.
• pathogens - are foreign, infectious microbes that cause sickness and disease.

  • cant multiply and cause obstruction
  • can cause tissue damage
  • secretes organic substances called exotoxins
• types of pathogens

  living - Parasites, protozoa, fungi

  non-living - Prokaryote, virus, prion
• 4 major groups of microorganisms that are know to produce disease

  Bacteria

  fungi

  viruses

  parasites
• Bacteria

  - Colorless single celled organism

  - Prokaryotic (lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)

  - contains DNA and RNA
• 3 morphologies of bacteria (size or shape determined by gram straining)

  • cocci - sphere shaped
  • bacilli - rod shaped
  • spirochetes - spiral shaped
• Some bacteria have the ability to produce a highly resistant resting form known as an endospore
• Viruses are small entities containing genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They rely on host cells for replication and are obligate intracellular parasites. These carry either DNA or RNA but never both, enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid
• identify the following

  A) helical viruses

  B) polyhedral viruses

  C) spherical viruses

  D) complex viruses

  
• Rickettsias, Chlamydias, and mycoplasm

  • Gram Negative bacteria-like microbes
  • smaller than bacteria
  • used to be considered as virus
• Rickettsias - are bacteria that are transmitted from animal to animal through the bite of an infected arthropod vector, such as ticks or fleas. Diseases caused by Rickettsias include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus.

  Chlamydia - is a bacterium that is primarily transferred by direct contact between hosts, most commonly through sexual contact. It can cause infections of the urethra, bladder, or sexual organs.

  Mycoplasmas - are bacteria that can be either parasitic or free-living. They are known to cause various infections, including pneumonia and genitourinary infections.
• 4 bacteria that causes tuberculosis

  • Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (majority that causes TB)
  • M. Bovis
  • M. Africanum
  • M. Microti
• Lyme disease - bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of one of several type of ticks.
• Fungi

  • requires anaerobic environment.
  • eukaryotic (contains nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
  • larger than bacteria.
• important pathogenic fungi are dimorphic (ability to grow into two distinct forms)

  Filamentous Hyphae - yeast

  Filamentous Hypha -molds
• 4 different classification of diseases caused by fungi

  • Superficial infection - Tinea Nigra (Black/brown discoloration)
  • Cutaneous Infection - Tinea Pedis/Athletes foot (Ringworm)
  • Subcutaneous Infection -Trauma to the skin
  • Systemic Infection - Enters circulatory and lymphatic system.
• Protozoa

  - are unicellular or colonial (group) organisms exhibiting animal-like characteristics.

  - Eukaryotic

  - some species have digestive system

  Many species can cause diseases in humans, transmitted through contaminated feces, insect bites, or direct person-to-person contact.
• classification of Protozoa based on their method of motility

  A) ameboid locomotion

  B) Flagellum

  C) cillia

  D) sporozoans

  
• SOME PROTOZOA ARE ABLE TO FORM A CYST, WHICH PERMITS THEM TO SURVIVE WHILE THEY ARE NOT WITHIN A HOST. CYSTS ARE RESISTANT TO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES. TYPICAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS INCLUDE TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION, A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE THAT INFECTS BOTH MALE AND FEMALE HOSTS, AND PLASMODIUM VIVAX INFECTION (MALARIA).
• answer -

  A) Universal precaution

  
• Handwashing - simplest and most important action to prevent infection transmission
• Resident Flora

  - Not Easy to Eliminate

  - adopted on human hands
• Transient/Contaminated Flora

  - Easy to Eliminate by scrubbing with soap or detergent.

  - kind of microbe can be frequently found on the skin of health care workers.
• Selection of Protective Barriers

  Low Risk (Contact with intact skin skin; no exposure to blood)

  - Injection, Minor Wound dressing
• Selection of Protective Barriers

  Medium Risk (Probable contact with blood, but splashing unlikely)

  - Pelvic exam

  - Handling of Laboratory specimens

  - UID insertion

  - UID removal

  - Large open wound dressing

  - Intravenous Drawing of Blood

  - Catheter insertion/removal
• Selection of Protective Barriers

  High Risk (blood contact, splashing, uncontrolled bleeding)

  - Major Surgical Procedures

  - Oral Surgery

  - Vaginal delivery
• Management of spillage (Disinfectant)

  - 1% Hypochlorite solution

  - NaDCC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) granules
• Yellow Bags

  • Infectious waste
  • Bandages
  • gauze
  • cotton or any other objects in contact with body fluids
  • Human Body parts
  • Placenta
• Red Bags

  • plastic wastes
  • catheters
  • injection syringes
  • tubings
  • iv bottles
• Blue Bags

  • all types of bottles and broken glass particles
  • outdated and discarded medicine
• Black Carboy

  • needles without syringe
  • blades
  • sharps and all metal articles
• NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION (HAI) - INFECTIONS ACQUIRED IN THE COURSE OF MEDICAL CARE
• iatrogenic Infection - This term refers to any infection that is inadvertently caused by medical treatment or healthcare procedures. It could involve surgeries, invasive procedures, the use of medical devices, or even the administration of medications.
• COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION - AN INFECTION ACQUIRED BY A PERSON BEFORE ENTERING A HEALTH CARE FACILITY
• reservoir of infection - can be a living organism that carries and harbors pathogenic organisms without showing any signs or symptoms of the disease. This could include humans who are asymptomatic carriers of a particular pathogen or animals that carry infectious agents without being affected by them.
• PORTAL OF EXIT - ANY PATHWAY BY WHICH PATHOGENS MAY BE ABLE TO LEAVE THE RESERVOIR

  URINE, FECES, BLOOD, RESPIRATORY DROPLET
• SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

  - DIMISHED NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

  - POORLY NOURISHED, WEAK, FATIGUED, SICK, INFIRMED, IMNNOCOMPROMISED, YOUNG, ELDERLY
• PORTAL OF ENTRY

  - PATHWAY BY WHICH INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS GAIN ENTRY TO THE BODY

  - SKIN BREAKS, GI TRACT, MUCOUS MEMEBRANES OF EYES, NOSE, MOUTH, RESPIRATORY AND URINARY TRACT

  - INGESTION, INJECTION, INHALATION

  - PLACENTA
• MODES OF TRANSMISSION

  • DROPLET
  • AIRBORNE
  • CONTACT
• FOMITE

  - AN OBJECT SUCH AS A BOOK, WOODEN OBJECT, OR ARTICLE OF CLOTHING THAT IS NOT IN ITSELF HARMFUL BUT IS ABLE TO HARBOR PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS AND THUS MAY SERVE AS AN AGENT OF TRANSMISSION OF AN INFECTION