HOA 2 INDONESIAN

• Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian
• Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture

  
• Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches
• INDONESIA

  Derived from the Greek words INDOS and NESOS, meaning Indian Islands
• Construction Materials: Bricks, Timber, Palm Leaves, Coconut trunk, Bamboo, Alang-alang Grass, Rice straw and Coconut fiber
• The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat
• In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows
• Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oversized saddle roofs which have been the home of the Batak and the Toraja

  
• The traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic groups of Indonesia are extremely varied and all have their own specific history
• RUMAH ADAT


  Traditional houses built in any of the vernacular architecture styles of Indonesia, collectively belonging to the Austronesian architecture

  
• From about 400 BC Indonesians traded with other nations such as China and India
• Hinduism and Buddhism were also introduced to Indonesia and they took route
• By the 8th century AD, Indonesian civilization was flourishing
• Among the kingdoms was a Buddhist and Hindu kingdom in central Java called Shailendra
• The Shailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism with the glimpses of Hinduism, and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, one of which is the colossal stupa of Borobudur, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site

  
• There was also the great Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in south Sumatra
• From the 7th century to the 13th century Srivijaya prospered and it became a maritime empire controlling western Java and part of the Malay Peninsula
• Srivijaya was also a centre of Buddhist learning
• In the 13th century, the Srivijaya Empire broke up into separate states
• The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia
• The earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 12th century up to of the 16th century
• For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences
• The houses are at the centre of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together
• The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents
• The earliest Austronesian structures were communal timber longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables

  
• LONGHOUSE


  A type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling

  
• The norm is for a post, beam and lintel structural system that take load straight to the ground with either wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load bearing
• Traditionally, rather than nails, mortise and tenon joints and wooden pegs are used
• Natural materials – timber, bamboo, thatch and fiber – make up rumah adat
• The traditional house of Nias has post, beam and lintel construction with flexible nail-less joints, and non-load bearing walls are typical of rumah adat
• A number of often large and sophisticated religious structures (known as CANDI in Indonesian) were built in Java during the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms between the 8th and 14th centuries

  
• The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the Dieng Plateau

  
• Thought to have originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remain today
• 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan complex near Yogyakarta; considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in Java

  
• Prambanan is dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva)
• Prambanan is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu architecture

  
• The World Heritage-listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra Dynasty between 750 and 850 CE, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java

  
• The monument contains a vast number of intricate carvings that tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels, metaphorically reaching enlightenment
• Borobudur is the world's largest Buddhist temple

  
• The temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome