A&P FINAL EXAM

• Anatomy


  The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
• Chemistry


  The scientific study of the properties, composition, and behavior of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions
• Positive Feedback


  A process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the disturbance
• Anabolism


  The metabolic process in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones with the storage of energy
• Physiology


  The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts
• Biochemistry


  The branch of science concerned with the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms
• Negative Feedback


  A process that reduces the discrepancy between a desired reference level and the actual level of a variable, resulting in stabilization
• Catabolism


  The metabolic process in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones with the release of energy
• Histology


  The study of the microscopic structure of tissues
• Homeostasis


  The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes
• Metabolism


  The chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life
• Examples of homeostasis and negative feedback regulation

  • Blood Glucose
  • Calcium Levels
  • Potassium Levels
  • Blood Pressure Control
• Structural organization


  • Proton
  • Neutron
  • Electron
  • Atom
  • Element
  • Molecule
  • Compound
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • System
  • Organism
• Body planes


  • Sagittal
  • Mid-sagittal
  • Para-sagittal
  • Frontal (Coronal)
  • Transverse
• Body cavities


  • Thoracic Cavity
  • Abdominal Cavity
  • Cranial Cavity
  • Spinal Cavity
• Location of body membranes

  • Visceral & Parietal
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium
  • Peritoneum
• Anatomical terms describing the location or direction of body structures relative to each other
• Organic


  Relating to or derived from living matter
• Inorganic


  Not consisting of or deriving from living matter
• pH


  A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
• Buffer

  A substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions (H⁺) when they are in excess or donating hydrogen ions when they are depleted
• Acid


  A substance that donates hydrogen ions in a solution, lowering its pH
• Base

  A substance that accepts hydrogen ions in a solution, raising its pH
• Proton

  A subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom
• Neutron

  A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
• Electron

  A subatomic particle with a negative charge found orbiting the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Number

  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determining its chemical properties
• Atomic Weight

  The average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the mass of its isotopes
• Ionic Bond

  A type of chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges
• Polar Covalent Bond


  A type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating a partial positive and partial negative charge
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond


  A type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms
• Hydrogen Bond

  A weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
• Peptide Bond

  A covalent bond formed between amino acids in a protein chain
• Monosaccharide


  A simple sugar molecule consisting of a single sugar unit
• Disaccharide

  A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked together
• Polysaccharide

  A complex carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide units linked together
• Glycerol

  A three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
• Fatty Acid


  A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, a component of lipids
• Amino Acid

  The building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain
• Nucleotide

  The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base