S

• Slaughterhouse Case (1873) decided that rights of citizens were under state control, leading to Jim Crow being implemented
• • Plessy v Ferguson (1896) decision allowed segregation to occur on the basis that it was “separate but equal”
• • In the South, the Black Codes (developed in 1865-6) banned inter-racial unions and barred AA from giving evidence against a white person or serving on juries
• • Bankrupt state governments would lease out AA convicts to businessmen to be used as cheap labour in terrible conditions (known as convict leasing)
• • Jim Crow laws (developed 1887-91) introduced formal segregation in the south on trains, schools, and later in public places
• • States tried to cling on the argument of “state rights” in order to keep control of civil rights issues and maintain segregation - continued in the later years but were eventually defeated by CR movement
• • Some southern states wouldn’t give police protection to AA, like during Little Rock in 1957 and the Freedom Rides in 1961
• • Milliken v Bradley (1974) stopped court ordered bussing unless there was deliberate segregation
• • Social Darwinian intellectual underpinnings of white supremacy and prejudice against AA were strong (beginning of period)
• • Bakke (1978) rules against affirmative action in higher education
• • Brown v Board of Education (1954) outlawed segregation in education
• • Browder v gayle (1956) outlawed segregation on buses because of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955-6 which led to the Supreme Court decision
• • Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education - 1971