AS L9

• Nutrition


  Like humans, animals need a balanced diet containing all the necessary nutrients, fluids, vitamins, and minerals
• Proper nutrition


  Gives the animals the vigor to grow, develop, and reproduce as well as develop strong immunity to fight off infections
• Feeding


  One of the most important and costliest component in the care and management of farm animals
• Main objective of feeding

  To attain the maximum benefit in terms of animal health and production at the least cost
• Ideal feed

  • Highly palatable
  • Has all nutrients in correct proportions
  • Includes many different ingredients
  • Provides easy movement in the intestinal tract
  • Prepared hygienically and properly
  • Economical
  • Devoid of toxic components
  • Stable over a reasonable storage period
• Nutrients


  Substances that, when taken into the digestive system, are digested, absorbed and utilized to sustain animal body processes
• Feed


  Any food material eaten by an animal as part of its daily ration
• Ration


  The food given to an animal for 24 hours
• Balanced ration


  A ration that has the required nutrients for the animal to thrive
• Concentrate


  Feeds high in digestible nutrients (carbohydrates) and low in fiber (below 20%)
• Roughage


  Feed that is high in fiber (20% or above) and relatively low in digestible nutrients
• Succulent roughage


  Contains more moisture (60-90%) which includes green grass and green fodder
• Dry roughage


  Contains less moisture (10-15%) which includes rice straw, hay, stover etc.
• Dry matter

  Content of feed that is not water
• Silage


  Feed resulting from the storage of green crops under anaerobic conditions
• Pasture


  Land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals, especially cattle or sheep
• Rule of thumb: 1/3 of ration must come from concentrate and 2/3 must come from roughages, this must be monitored during ad libitum feeding
• Carbohydrates


  They occur in the form of starches, sugars, and cellulose. Their primary function is to provide energy for the animal. Dry matter of plants is usually composed of 75% carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  • Ribose, ribulose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose
  • Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
• Disaccharides


  Sugar particles formed by two monosaccharides
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
  • Maltose (glucose + glucose)
  • Lactose (glucose + galactose)
• Proteins


  They are the building substances needed for the formation and development of animal tissues
• Non-essential amino acids


  • Alanine, Aspartic Acid, Citrulline, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine, Glycine, Hydroxyproline
• Fats


  Like carbohydrates, fats also supply energy; 2.25 times more than carbohydrates. They also serve as vehicles for fat soluble vitamins and add palatability to the diet
• Saturated fatty acids


  • Butyric, Lauric, Palmitic, Stearic
• Unsaturated fatty acids


  • Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidonic
• Vitamins


  Organic substances needed in much smaller amounts, classified either as fat soluble or water soluble
• Fat soluble vitamins


  • A, D, E, K
• Vitamin A


  Important in transmitting light stimuli from the retina to the brain
• Vitamin D


  Mediates proper absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus
• Vitamin E


  An anti-sterility vitamin, also acts as an antioxidant
• Vitamin K


  Antihemorrhagic vitamin
• Water soluble vitamins


  • B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12
• Vitamin B1


  An antineuritic vitamin (prevents inflammation of nerves) and aids in energy metabolism
• Vitamin B2


  Aids in protein and energy metabolism
• Vitamin B6

  Aids in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
• Vitamin B9


  Involved in DNA synthesis
• Minerals


  Inorganic substances needed in much smaller amounts, classified either into macrominerals and microminerals
• Calcium

  Most abundant element in the body, about 99% of calcium is found the skeleton and teeth. Aids in muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and milk secretion
• Phosphorus


  Important in bone formation and 80% of phosphorus is found in bones and teeth. Involved in the creation of ATP and other enzymes