Edward 1st 1272-1307

• Edward Longshanks

  Part of the House of Plantagenets, his father = Henry III, Grandfather = King John, Great Grandfather = Henry II, Good soldier, Interested in politics, Helps defeat the leader of the Barons, Simon de Montfort after the Battle of Evesham, Determined to be stronger than his weak father, Henry III, Didn't want to be pushed in to passing laws like the Provisions of Oxford, 1258 – forced by the Barons to give them more power
• Battle of Lewes


  1264
• Battle of Evesham


  1265
• Went on crusade


  1270
• Inherits throne from Henry III

  1272
• Crusades


  Holy war (Christians v Muslims)
• Longshanks


  Long legs (tall)
• Chivalry


  Knightly code of conduct
• Civil War


  War between two sides of the same country
• Problems Edward faced when he became king

  Needs to control the BARONS, but make them feel listened to and respected, The Barons wars, under Henry III, had weakened the monarchy and left the country divided, Conflict with the barons had left the monarchy with NO MONEY– he had to look for another source on income, namely the wool trade, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd refused to pay homage to Edward for WALES, causing issues for Edward – not prepared to allow such disrespect, Edward wanted to WIN BACK FRENCH LAND lost by his father. As Duke of Aquitaine he owed homage to the French king, but disliked having to do so
• Nobles


  A rich landowner who was one level below the king on the Feudal system
• Homage


  Paying respect for the land you owned
• Heir


  The person you leave your property and belongings to when you die
• How Edward dealt with the nobility


  Edward was more scary and short tempered than his dad, which scared some barons, Listened to them and made the barons feel respected (Used Burnell and Parliament to listen to the nobles), Hard-line – replaced Henry III's ministers and replaced them with his own – Burnell = Chancellor, Redemption payments allowed Barons to reclaim their lands on payment of money to Edward and a renewal of their oath of loyalty
• Nobility


  The ruling class, just slightly below royalty – formerly supporters of William the Conqueror and later monarchs
• Quo Warranto


  By what warrant did you hold the land / property you lived on
• General Eyres


  Law men who inspected lands and asked "Quo Warranto"
• Death of Alexander III

  1286
• Edward paid homage to King of France for Gascony


  1286
• John Balliol made King of Scotland


  1292
• Edward refused to pay homage to King of France for a second time


  1294
• Scots invade Carlisle


  1296
• Battle of Dunbar and the Stealing of the Stone of Scone


  1296
• Battle of Stirling Bridge


  1297
• Edward marries the French King's sister, Margaret (Wife No. 2)


  1299
• Why 1297 was a difficult year for Edward


  In Scotland, the death of Alex. III caused issues, as Balliol grew tired of Edward's "advice" and William Wallace led a growing Scottish independence movement, Although the Welsh were largely subdued, castle building had been expensive and Edward couldn't afford to take his eyes of the Welsh in case they rebelled again, Edward paid homage to the King of France in 1286 for his lands in Gascony, but refused to repeat the homage in 1294. By 1297 there was war looming over the issue and Edward has to send troops, Edward demanded that Balliol send troops as part of his dues to Edward, but Balliol refused and didn't believe he should be paying dues to Edward as a separate sovereign king!, Church was also not supporting Edward with his wars, refusing to pay an additional tax to help with the funding (Archbishop Winchelsea), More issues re. funding happened between Roger Bigod, the Earl of Hereford and Edward. They refused to give money if Edward was not going to be fighting alongside the men directly – he was going to Flanders, and the money requested was to raise troops to send to Gascony!
• Great Cause


  The search for a replacement for Scottish King following the death of Alex. III and his heir, Margaret of Norway
• Feudal system


  Villeins – tied to the land (Peasants). Could do nothing without the Lord's permission, Freemen – paid rent to the Lord and owed less loyalty, Social hierarchy – people's place in society
• Feudalism brought to England by William the Conqueror, although social hierarchy had existed before this


  1066
• First Statute of Westminster (all land is issued by the King)

  1275
• Second Statute of Westminster (De donis conditionablis)

  1285
• Third Statute of Westminster (Quia Emptores)

  1290
• First Statute of Mortmain


  1279
• Second Statute of Mortmain


  1290
• Why land ownership was important in Edward's reign and how Edward controlled land ownership

  To reassert his power Edward ordered the Hundred Rolls survey, conducted by the General Eyres, Inability to provide proof of ownership meant Barons lost their land, Hundred Rolls showed the mess the English legal system was in, so Edward set out to reform this (The English Justinian), The Statutes of Westminster turned land law from one of many mesne lords, to a system of substitution, where by selling land / passing land on meant you had no further claim to it, thereby no new mesne lords would be created. The King's feudal control remained intact at the top of the hierarchy, Barons still need the King's permission to grant land, The Church was a land loop hole, as mesne lords would gift their land to the Church, via Frankalmoign, in order to rent it back, thereby avoiding paying tax, or providing military service to Edward. The Church was a more lenient land lord!, Edward used the two Mortmain statutes to try and prevent this happening, along with Quia Emptores (3rd Westminster Statute)
• Subinfeudation


  The division of land down the social hierarchy in return for tax and loyalty
• Tenants-in-chief


  Barons who split their land amongst their knights
• Mesne Lords


  Knights who split their lands amongst their peasants
• Frankalmoign


  The giving of land to the church
• Mortmain


  Ownership that never ends because the owner is an organisation, not a person, e.g. the church