chapter 11 (substance-related addictive disorder)

• refers to schemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior

  substance
• alter mood, behavior, or both

  psychoactive substance
• the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

  substance use
• our physiological reaction to ingested substance - drunkenness or getting high

  substance intoxication
• is experienced as impaired judgement mood changes, and lowered motor ability

  intoxication
• a pattern of problematic drug use leading to significant impairment or distress

  substance use disorder
• a severe form of substance use disorder involving physical or psychological dependance on the drug 


  substance dependence/addiction
• the use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance), and a negative physical response and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)

  physiological dependence
• physiological dependence on the drug, requiring increased amount to achieve the same effect

  tolerance
• negative physical response when the substance is stopped (sweating, tremors, and tension)

  withdrawal
• Repeated use of the drug, desperate need for more, likelihood of resuming use after abstinence.

  drug seeking behaviors
• These substances result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation.

  depressants
• These substances cause us to be more active and alert and can elevate mood (Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine.)

  stimulants
• The major effect of these substances is to produce analgesia temporarily (reduce pain) and euphoria

  opiates
• These substances alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations.

  hallucinogen
• involves the general loss of intellectual abilities and can be a direct result of neurotoxicity or “poisoning of the brain” by excessive amounts of alcohol

  dementia
• results in confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech; believed to be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers.


  wenicke-korsakoff syndrome
• Combination of problems in children born to mothers who drank during pregnancy

  fetal alcohol syndrome
• Model of the progression of alcohol (Jellinek, 1946) –

  prealcoholic stage

  prodromal stage

  crucial stage

  chronic stage
• – drinking occasionally with few serious consequences

  prealcoholic stage
• drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem

  prodromal stage
• loss of control, with occasional binges

  crucial stage
• the primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol.

  chronic stage
• Induce relaxation and mild euphoria at low doses, while higher doses lead to effects similar to heavy alcohol consumption and can be lethal due to respiratory depression.

  barbiturates
• are used for calming, inducing sleep, and treating muscle spasms and seizures. Non-medical users experience euphoria and reduced inhibition, leading to tolerance and dependence.

  benzodiazepines
• Both barbiturates and benzodiazepines influence the ?

  GABA neurotransmitter system
• Combining alcohol with sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic drugs can lead to dangerous interactions, potentially resulting in overdose and death.

  synergistic effects
• Prolonged use of amphetamines can lead to a "__" characterized by depression and fatigue

  crash
• known for inducing feelings of happiness, empathy, and enhanced sensory experiences

  MDMA / ecstasy
• like amphetamines this substance, increases alertness, euphoria, blood pressure, and pulse while reducing appetite and causing insomnia.

  cocaine
• known as the "gentle stimulant" and can elevate mood, decrease fatigue, and increase alertness in small doses. Larger doses can cause jitteriness and insomnia, especially if consumed close to bedtime.

  caffeine
• are substances found in volatile solvents that are directly inhaled into the lungs

  inhalants
• These drugs are often developed to target specific diseases but have been repurposed for recreational use.

  designer drugs
• > According to this theory, an increase in positive feelings induced by drug use is followed by a subsequent increase in negative feelings, and vice versa.

  opponent-process theory
• People's expectations about the effects of drug use influence their actual reactions to the drugs.

  expectancy effects
• Expectations about drug effects may change as individuals gain more experience with drugs, although they tend to be similar across different substances like alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and cocaine.


  Changes in Expectations
• powerful urges to use drugs that can interfere with efforts to remain abstinent.

  cravings
• Two predominant views characterize contemporary thought on substance-related disorders:

  (1) the moral weakness model & (2) the disease model of dependence
• – views drug use as a failure of self-control and moral character

  the moral weakness model
• attributes substance use disorders to underlying physiological causes

  the disease model of dependence