Quiz 3 Bio

• Food


  Any substance which our body absorbs in order for us to gain energy. It provides us materials for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues.
• Plants and animals need food for them to survive
• Nutrition


  The intake of food from various sources and the process that converts food substances into living matter. Nutrition is also a requirement for the growth and maintenance of an organism.
• Types of organisms based on food source

  • Autotrophs/Self-feeders
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs/Self-feeders


  • Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food. Examples: plants and chemosynthetic bacteria
• Heterotrophs


  • Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms. Examples: animals and fungi.
• Photosynthesis


  1. Light Absorption

  2. Water Splitting

  3. ATP and NADPH Formation

  4. Carbon Fixation
• Macronutrients


  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
  • Calcium
  • Potassium
• Micronutrients


  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Boron
• Mineral Uptake


  1. Root Absorption

  2. Active Transport
• Essential Minerals


  Minerals plants require for growth, enzyme activation, and osmotic regulation, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and others
• Water Absorption


  1. Root cells maintain higher solute concentration than soil

  2. Water transported through xylem

  3. Transpiration creates negative pressure pulling water up
• Nutrient Transport


  Plants have specialized vascular tissues, the xylem and phloem, for transporting water, minerals, and organic nutrients throughout the plant
• Nutritional Adaptation of Plants

  • Symbiosis of plants and soil microbes
  • Symbiosis of plants and fungi
  • Parasitism
  • Predation
• Nitrogen starvation is the result of incorporating too much nitrogen-deficient (undecomposed) woody material into the soil
• Chlorosis is a complete yellowing of the leaf due to lower than normal amounts of chlorophyll
• Animal Dietary Categories


  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
• Detritivores


  Heterotrophs that obtain nutrients from decaying bodies of plants and animals called detritus by breaking them into smaller sizes before decomposition acts on them
• Intracellular digestion


  Process where single-celled organisms process their food inside the cell
• Extracellular digestion


  Process where multicellular organisms break down food particles into smaller components outside the cell
• Feeding Mechanisms in Animals

  • Substrate-feeders
  • Filter-feeders
  • Fluid-feeders
  • Bulk-feeders
• Five Stages of Food Processing in Animals

  1. Mechanical Processing/Ingestion

  2. Secretion of enzymes and other digestive aids

  3. Enzymatic hydrolysis

  4. Absorption

  5. Elimination
• Rickets is a disorder affecting the skeleton of growing animals caused by insufficient dietary phosphorus or calcium, an inappropriate ratio between these minerals in the diet, or insufficient availability of activated vitamin D
• Parakeratosis is caused by deficiency of zinc and essential fatty acids in the diet
• Human Digestive System


  1. Digestion starts in mouth

  2. Food passes from stomach to small intestine

  3. Small intestine divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

  4. Large intestine has caecum and appendix

  5. Rectum contracts to expel feces
• Accessory organs


  Liver and pancreas help the digestion process. Pancreas produces hormones to control blood glucose. Liver produces bile to aid digestion. Gallbladder stores bile.
• Nutritional Requirements for Animals to Maintain Homeostasis

  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
• Autotrophs/Self-feeders


  Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food
• Autotrophs


  • Plants
  • Chemosynthetic bacteria
• Heterotrophs


  Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms
• Heterotrophs


  • Animals
  • Fungi
• Light Absorption


  Chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts absorb light energy
• Water Splitting


  Light energy splits water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons
• ATP and NADPH Formation

  Electrons move through electron transport chains, generating ATP and NADPH
• Carbon Fixation


  Carbon dioxide from the air is converted into glucose through the Calvin cycle, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions
• Macronutrients


  • Nutrients required by plants in large amounts
• Micronutrients


  • Nutrients required by plants in very small amounts
• Water loss through stomata

  1. Creates negative pressure

  2. Pulls water up from the roots through the xylem

  3. Process called "transpiration"
• Symbiosis of plants and soil microbes


  The most important source of nitrogen-fixing bacteria is the symbiotic interaction between soil bacteria and legume plants
• Symbiosis of plants and fungi


  The presence of fungi serves as an extension of the root system