Research

• A systematic process based on the scientific method that facilitates the identification of relationships and determination of differences in order to answer a question.

  Research
• Defined as careful. Diligent and exhaustive investigation of a specific matter, having as its aim the advancement of mankind's knowledge

  Research
• Reasons for conducting research

  1. Generate and expand knowledge
  2. Find explanations to unexplained phenomenon
  3. Clarify doubtful facts
  4. Correct misconceived facts
  5. Reduce level of risk of a decision
  6. Aid in forecasting and planning
  7. Deal with problems, attitudes and opinions
  8. Improve critical thinking skills
• Characteristics of Research

  1. Systematic
  2. Empirical
  3. Transmittable
  4. Logical
  5. Replicable
  6. Cyclical
• Aset of beliefs, values, and criteria of action accepted by individuals and society that guide human behavior and judgment about right or wrong, and good and evil, and their origin is conscience, cultural norms and belief.

  Ethics
• Promote the aims of research such as knowledge , truth, and avoidance of error

  Norms
• Promotes the values that are essential to collaborative work

  Ethical standards
•  Help ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public

  Ethical norms
• Help to build public support for research

  Ethical norms
• Honesty, objectivity, legality, social responsibility, non-discrimination, confidentiality, accountability, intellectual property, openness, transparency and integrity

  Ethical Principles
• Rights to privacy, confidentiality, right to quality research, plagiarism, fabrication and falsification, non-publication of data, faulty data gathering, poor data storage and retention, misleading authorship

  Ethical Issues
• Description of state of affairs as it exists at present. No control over variables. It can only report what was happening or already happening.

  Descriptive (Ex-post facto)
• It uses facts or information already available and analyzes these to make critical evaluation.

  Analytical
• Aims to finding a solution for an immediate problem facing the organization

  Applied (Action)
• It is concerned with generalizations and formulation of theory. Directed towards finding information that has a broad range of applications. It adds to already existing organized body of scientific knowledge

  Fundamental (Basic or Pure)
•  Based on measurement of quantity or amount

  Quantitative
• Concerned with phenomena relating to or involving quality. It aims at discovering underlying motives and desires.

  Qualitative
• Related to abstract ideas or theory, generally used to develop new concepts or to interpret existing ones.

  Conceptual
• Relies on experience and observation alone often without due to regard to theory

  Empirical
• Uses sources like document, remains, etc to study events or ideas of the past

  Historical
• Find relationships between two or more variables to better understand the conditions and events encountered. Predict future conditions and events.

  Correlation
• fabrication 


  “making up data or results and recording or reporting them” and
• falsification 


  means “manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.”