Final Lab Practicum

• Primary tissue layers

  • Endoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
• Main categories of tissue

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
• Squamous epithelium


  • Forms the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs
  • Makes up the outer layers of the skin
  • Squamous cells tend to have horizontal, flattened, elliptical nuclei
• Cuboidal epithelium


  • Square or cuboidal in shape
  • Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the center
  • Found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules, ducts of the glands, and germinal epithelium
• Thymus gland


  Important role in immune system
• Thyroid gland


  Covers trachea; secretes hormones that influence metabolism
• Respiratory System includes Lung Tissue
• Circulatory system


  Consists of blood vessels which carries water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones, etc.
• Circulatory system

  Pumped by a 4 chambered heart
• Blood Flow

  1. Heart

  2. Arteries

  3. Arterioles

  4. Capillaries

  5. Venules

  6. Veins

  7. Heart
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)


  Principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs to body tissues through the use of hemoglobin
• White blood cells (leukocytes)


  Cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials
• Types of white blood cells

  • Neutrophil: targets bacteria and fungi
  • Basophil: allergic reactions
  • Eosinophil: targets parasites and allergic reactions
  • Lymphocyte: B cells - pathogens, T cells, Natural Killer cells (tumor, viruses)
  • Monocyte: varies
  • Macrophage: varies
• Blood cells

  • Leukocytes
  • Erythrocytes
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Lymphocyte
• Arteries


  Generally rounder in shape and have thicker walls due to high pressure blood flow
• Veins


  Flatter in shape and have thinner walls
• Urinary System

  Kidney consists of nephrons which filters the blood. Water, ions, sugars are reabsorbed. Urine = ammonia, potassium, and Hydrogen (together called urea)
• White matter


  Composed of myelinated nerve cell processes, or axons, which connect various gray matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other and carry nerve impulses between neurons
• Grey matter (or gray matter)


  Major component of the central nervous system, consisting of nerve cell bodies (neurons), glial cells, capillaries, and short nerve cell extensions/processes (axons and dendrites). The function of gray matter is to route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity.
• Types of neurons present in a reflex arc

  • Motor neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Sensory
• Name parts of the Pig

  A) Heart

  B) Umbilical Vein

  C) Gallbladder

  D) Liver Lobes

  E) Duodenum

  F) Pancreas

  G) Small Intestines

  H) Umbilical Arteries

  I) Lung

  J) Stomach

  K) Greater Omentum

  L) Spleen

  M) Large Intestine

  N) Cecum

  O) Rectum

  P) Urinary Bladder

  
• Name the missing parts

  A) Goblet Cells

  B) Simple Columnar Epithelium

  
• Names the blank parts

  A) Larynx

  B) Trachea

  C) Esophagus

  D) Bronchus

  
• Name the Following

  A) Basophil

  B) Neutrophil

  C) Lymphocyte

  
• Name the Following

  A) Erythrocytes

  
• Name the Following

  A) Right Atrium

  B) Tricuspid Valve

  C) Right Ventricle

  D) Pulmonary Artery

  E) Pulmonary Veins

  F) Left Atrium

  G) Mitral Valve

  H) Left Ventricle

  I) Aortic Valve

  J) Aorta

  K) Pulmonic Valve

  
• Renal artery


  Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys for filtration
• Renal vein


  Returns filtered, deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart
• Mesenteric arteries


  Supply oxygen-rich blood to the large and small intestines, supporting digestion and nutrient absorption
• Hepatic vein


  Drains deoxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava after nutrient processing and detoxification
• Carotid artery


  Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, neck, and face, ensuring these areas receive necessary oxygen and nutrients
• Jugular vein


  Carries deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart. There are internal and external jugular veins, which handle blood drainage from different parts of the head and face
• Blood

  Classified as connective tissue
• Kidney

  Functions are to control water balance in tissues and eliminate excess salts and urea
• Kidney

  Three major regions: the cortex, medulla, and the pelvis
• Name the Following

  A) White Matter

  B) Gray Matter

  C) Spinal Ganglion

  D) Spinal Cord

  
• Cornea


  Acts as a protective covering and plays a crucial role in focusing light that enters the eye
• Pupil


  Regulates the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting based on light intensity, optimizing vision
• Iris


  Controls the size of the pupil, adjusting it to changes in lighting conditions to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
• Lens


  Focuses light rays that pass through it, enabling clear vision and the ability to focus on objects at various distances