M2

• Informed consent


  Bioethical principle where the patient agrees to a surgery before it is done
• Nursing process step of evaluation

  Nurse assesses that the client's leg is pain-free, without redness or edema, indicating the client is ready for discharge
• Novice


  Nursing student or nurse entering a situation without previous level of experience
• Advanced beginner

  Nurse who had some level of experience with the situation
• Competent


  Nurse who understands the organization and specific care required by the type of patients (2 to 3 years in practice)
• Proficient


  Nurse who perceives a patient's clinical situation as a whole and is able to assess the entire situation and transfer knowledge (more than 2 to 3 years in practice)
• Expert


  Nurse who has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem and can focus on multiple dimensions of the situation
• Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (ANA, 2015)
• Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. (ICN, 2018)
• Documentation of nursing standards began in 1960
• Standards of Practice

  • Assessment
  • Diagnosis
  • Outcomes Identification
  • Planning
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
• Assessment


  Collects client health data, including subjective data (symptoms) and objective data (signs)
• Diagnosis


  Analyzes assessment data
• Outcomes Identification


  Identifies expected outcomes of client for nursing diagnoses, including short-term and long-term goals
• Planning


  Develops plan of care and prescribes
• Implementation

  Implements intervention in the plan of care
• Evaluation

  Evaluates client's attainment of outcomes
• ANA Standards of Professional Performance

  • Ethics
  • Education
  • Evidence-Based Practice and Research
  • Quality of Practice
  • Communication
  • Leadership
  • Collaboration
  • Professional Practice Evaluation
  • Resources
• Code of Ethics for Nurses

  Defines principles used to provide care, incorporating the nurse's own values and ethics
• Professional Roles of Nurses

  • Autonomy and Accountability
  • Caregiver
  • Advocate
  • Educator
  • Communicator
  • Manager
• Autonomy and Accountability


  Nurse initiates independent nursing interventions without medical orders
• Caregiver


  Nurse helps patient maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, attain maximum level of function and independence through healing process
• Advocate


  Nurse protects patient's human and legal rights and provides assistance in asserting these rights
• Educator


  Nurse explains concepts and facts about health, describes the reason for routine care activities, demonstrates procedures such as self-care activities
• Communicator


  Allows nurse to know the patient, including their preferences, strengths, weaknesses and needs
• Manager

  Nurse needs to establish an environment for collaborative patient-centered care to provide safe, quality care with positive patient outcomes
• Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Roles

  • Clinical Nurse Specialist
  • Certified Nurse Practitioner
  • Certified Nurse Midwife
  • Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
• Clinical Nurse Specialist


  Provides care in a specialized area of practice
• Nurse Practitioner


  Provides care in a community-based setting
• Certified Nurse Midwife


  Provides care for women during normal pregnancy, labor and delivery, and care for newborn
• Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist


  Provides surgical anesthesia with guidance and supervision from an anesthesiologist
• Nurse Educator


  Works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and patient education departments
• Nurse Administrator


  Manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency
• Nurse Researcher


  Conducts evidenced-based practice and research to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice
• Nurses respond to needs of patients and actively participate in determining best practices
• Knowledge of nursing history increases your understanding the origins of the discipline
• Florence Nightingale

  • First practicing epidemiologist
  • Organized first school of nursing
  • Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals
  • Practices remain a basic part of nursing today
• Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not

  First nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
• Prominent Nurses in History

  • Clara Barton - ARC
  • Mother Bickerdyke - ambulance services
  • Harriet Tubman - prominent female in a movement to free slaves
  • Mary Mahoney - first professionally trained Afro-American nurse
• 20th century saw movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge, as well as expanded and advanced practice roles of nurses