Inorg Lec

• Hydrogen


  • Colorless, Odorless and Tasteless
  • Electron configuration is 1s1 (similar to the electron configuration of group 1 elements)
  • Classified as a non-metal
  • The elemental form of H is H2
  • H2 is small and non-polar so the H atoms can only attract each other through weak London Forces
  • No Neutrons
  • H IS THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON THE UNIVERSE and accounts for 89% of all atoms
  • Most commercial H2 is obtained as a byproduct of petroleum refining
• Hydrogen as a fuel source

  Light (Low Density), Clean burning, Plenty of abundant H in water
• Hydrogen


  • Can form both cation (H+) and anion (H-)
  • H has an intermediate electronegativity
  • Forms covalent bonds with both non-metals and metalloids
  • Produces water when burned with oxygen
  • THIRD MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN EARTH'S CRUST in combination with other elements
  • Produced by the process of Lindé method

  
• Uses of Hydrogen


  • Inflating balloons
  • Welding torches (H burns with oxygen and produces high temperature)
  • Used in Haber Process (Nitrogen Fixation) for the production of Ammonia
• Alkali Metals (Group IA)

  • The melting point, boiling point and densities of 1A metals are low and they are generally a soft metal
  • Outer shell contains only one s electron
  • Very active metals, increases activity as atomic weight increases
  • Never found in nature in free state
  • Readily reacts with water and forms hydroxides that are strongly basic except LiOH
  • Upon reaction with oxygen: Lithium forms the normal oxide (Li2O), Sodium forms peroxides (Na2O2), Potassium, Rubidium and Caesium form superoxides (MO2)
  • Reacts with Hydrogen to form hydrides and with Halogens to form halides
  • All salts of alkali metals are water soluble
  • Salts of alkali metal are more soluble than any salts of any periodic group (with exception to Li)
• Lithium (Group IA)


  • Earth stone, "Lithos"
  • LIGHTEST OF ALL METALS
  • Bridge Element: Magnesium
  • Lithium differs slightly from other element in the group
  • Small size of the Li cation: Strong polarizing power, Forms bond with highly covalent character
  • Anode (+) in Battery due to ease of oxidation
  • Heat exchanger in air conditioner
  • In Medications used for: Mania, Depressant effect and diuretic
• Sodium (Group IA)


  • Nature, "Natrium"
  • Cation of choice to optimize pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments
  • MOST ABUNDANT EXTRACELLULAR CATION (PISO)
  • Used for treatment (with caution) of cardiac and renal condition
  • Responsible for FLUID RETENTION
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Maintain Osmolarity
• Potassium (Group IA)


  • "Kalium"
  • MOST ABUNDANT INTRACELLULAR CATION (PISO)
  • For Muscular Contraction
  • Diuretic effect
  • Deficiency State: Hypokalemia (Muscle weakness and Muscle Paralysis)
  • Abundance State: Hyperkalemia (Arrythmia)
• Ammonium (Group IA)


  • Hypothetical Alkali metal or Pseudo alkali metal ion
  • Ammonium Hydroxide: Weakly basic
  • Solutions of Ammonium Salts: Acidic
• Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)

  • The elements in this group shows definite metallic properties with Be being the least metallic
  • Group IIA are all good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Mg is the only one used as a metal
  • Be is quite rare and costly
  • Ca, Sr and Ba are too reactive
  • Ra only occurs as radioactive isotopes
  • Group IIA metals lose their two valence e- to form 2+ ions, hence they are all strong reducing agent (except Be) but not as strong as IA metals
  • Increase Atomic Size = Increase Chemical Activity
  • All Group IIA metals combines directly to Oxygen, Halogens, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Hydrogen (Except Mg)
  • Ca, Sr and Ba reacts with cold water and Mg reacts with steam liberating H gas and formation of an alkaline solution
  • Beryllium oxide is amphoteric but the other oxides are all basic
  • The OH increases in strength as base going down the group
  • Salts of Group IIA metals are not as soluble as those of alkali metals
• Beryllium (Group IIA)


  • Glucinum
  • Bridge element: resembles Al
  • MOST TOXIC METAL
  • Tends to replace Ca and Mg in the Body
  • Compounds of Be are toxic as well
• Magnesium (Group IIA)


  • LIGHTEST OF ALL STRUCTURALLY IMPORTANT METALS
  • Production: Dow Process
  • 2ND MOST ABUNDANT INTRACELLULAR CATION (MICO)
  • Natural Ca Channel Blocker
  • Metals present in Chlorophyll
  • ANTIDOTE for Mg TOX: CALCIUM GLUCONATE
  • USES: Enzyme activator, Saline laxative, Depressant
  • NATURAL SOURCES: SILICATES (Talc and Asbestos), CARBONATES (Magnesite, Dolomite), SULFATE (Kieserite)
  • Component of Grignard's Reagent (RMgX) used for the synthesis of alcohols
• Calcium (Group IIA)


  • Cation of Hydroxyapatite
  • Major constituent of bones and teeth
  • Forms may insoluble compounds that lead to pharmaceutical incompatibility
  • 2ND MOST ABUNDANT EXTRACELLULAR CATION (MICO)
  • Pharmacological Properties: For Muscle Contraction, Structural Mineral of Bones and Teeth, Aids in release of Neurotransmitters (Epi and NE), For Maximum Absorption: Vitamin D is needed, For BLOOD COAGULATION (Ca2+ is Factor IV: needed for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin)
  • CALCIUM DEFICIENCY: Osteomalacia (Adults), Rickets (Children) - Bones fail to calcify, Calcium salts are not deposited, Bones becomes soft and rubbery, easily deformed, Osteoporosis - Porous Bones, More calcium is lost than absorbed, Bones susceptible to fracture
• Strontium (Group IIA)


  Pharmacological Properties: Strontium chloride: Tooth Desensitizing agent, Strontium bromide: Sedative effect
• Barium (Group IIA)


  • Used in Green Pyrotechnics
  • Most Active in Group IIA
  • ANTIDOTE: MgSO4 and or Na2SO4
• Radium (Group IIA)


  • Discovered by Marie Curie
  • RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT
  • Source: Pitchblende Ore
  • Units: Old Unit for Radioactivity: Curie, SI Unit: Becquerel
• Boron Family (Group IIIA)

  • Electron Configuration is ns2np1 (n is the period number)
  • Boron and Aluminum almost always have an oxidation number of +3
  • The heavier elements of the group are more likely to keep their s electrons and can have oxidation numbers of +1 or +3
• Boron (Group IIIA)


  • Bridge element, resembles Silicon
  • The ONLY element with less than 4e- in its valence shell w/c is not a metal
  • Used in vulcanizing of rubber
• Aluminum (Group IIIA)


  • MOST ABUNDANT METAL
  • 3RD MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
  • Metals and Hydroxide are amphoteric in nature
  • Thin Al foil used to treat burns
  • Al compounds-adsorbent: demulcent
• Gallium (Group IIIA)


  • Eka-aluminum
  • Melts at near body temperature (29.75*C)
  • Ga+3 is similar to Fe+3
  • Liquid metal
  • Substitute for Hg in manufacturing of arc lamp, dental alloy
• Thallium (Group IIIA)


  • " Green Twig" – Thallos, Green spectral lines
  • MOST TOXIC OF THE GROUP
  • Rodenticide
  • Poisoning causes green tongue and alopecia
  • ANTIDOTE: Prussian Blue
• Carbon Family (Group IVA)


  • The element vary from non-metals (C, Si) to metals (Sn and Pb) while Ge being classified as metalloid
  • CARBON serves as the basic building unit of organic compounds. It also occurs in inorganic compounds such as carbonates, oxalates
• Key facts about Aluminium

  • MOST ABUNDANT METAL
  • 3RD MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
  • Metals and Hydroxide are amphoteric in nature
  • Thin Al foil used to treat burns
  • Al compounds-adsorbent: demulcent
• Gallium


  • Eka-aluminum
  • Melts at near body temperature (29.75*C)
  • Ga+3 is similar to Fe+3
  • Liquid metal
  • Substitute for Hg in manufacturing of arc lamp, dental alloy
• Thallium


  • " Green Twig" – Thallos, Green spectral lines
  • MOST TOXIC OF THE GROUP
  • Rodenticide
  • Poisoning causes green tongue and alopecia
  • ANTIDOTE: Prussian Blue
• The elements in Group IVA vary from non-metals (C, Si) to metals (Sn and Pb) while Ge being classified as metalloid
• Carbon


  The element that serves as the basic building unit of organic compounds. It also occurs in inorganic compounds such as carbonates, oxalates, tartrates and acetates
• The elements in Group IVA may exhibit 2+ and 4+ oxidation states, in keeping their ns2np2
• Carbon


  • THE ONLY ELEMENT THAT FORMS BONDS WITH ITSELF
  • Non metallic
  • Fundamental constituent of all animal and vegetative tissue
  • Catenation-chain Formation
  • Stability
  • Isomerism
  • Hybridization
• Allotropes of Carbon


  • Crystalline: Diamond -Hardest mineral, Graphite- Stable form of diamond
  • Amorphous: Bituminous (soft coal), Anthracite (Hard Coal), Activated charcoal
• Activated charcoal is prepared from ligneous material by carbonization in the absence of air followed by heat or chemical treatment to increase surface area
• Activated charcoal is used in treatment of Diarrhea
• Silicon

  • 2ND MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON EARTH
  • Does not occur free in nature
  • It forms an inert oxide (Silica SiO2)
• Germanium


  • Semi-conductors
  • Used in microelectronic parts
• Tin


  • Used in production of cans (Tin Cans)
  • Forms two salts: Stannous (Sn+2) and Stannic (Sn+4)
• Lead


  • MOST METALLIC ELEMENT IN THE GROUP
  • No longer used because of its accumulative poisoning
  • Toxicity: Plumbism/ Saturnism
  • Antidote: EDTA
  • Effects: Lead Encephalopathy (Most serious effect), Memory Loss, Irritability, Clumsiness, Projectile vomiting
  • Target Organ of Lead: Brain, Neuro Effect: Wrist drop/ Foot Drop (Pb Palsy)
  • GIT Effect: Metallic taste, black stools
  • Blood: Microcytic, Hypochromic anemia
  • Renal: Fanconi-Like Syndrome
  • USES: Protein precipitant, Paints, Canned Food, Old Lead Pipes, Automobile Exhaust (tetraethyl lead)
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus are classified as non-metallic elements while the Bi is classed as metals. However, As and Sb are classed as metalloids
• All Group VA elements combines with hydrogen to form hydrides, e.g. Ammonia (NH3), Phosphine (PH3), Arsine (AsH3), Stibine (SbH3), and Bismuthine (BiH3). All are flammable and poisonous except NH3

  
• Group VA elements are characterized by an outer ns2np3 electron configuration
• Sharing of 3 or 5 electrons accounts for the 3+ and 5+ oxidation states