bio

• Diversity of nature


  Stimulates the development of new technologies
• Scientists and engineers


  Imitate nature to innovate, problem solve and expand their scientific understanding
• Benefits of biology to technology

  • Medicinal plants
  • Gene engineering and biosynthetic materials
  • Building design
  • Bullet train design
• Uses of technology in biology

  The practical application of biotechnological instruments (products) in providing required human services and investigations of new biological questions
• Biological studies that use technological tools

  • Biochemical studies
  • Biomedical studies
  • Biophysical studies
  • Environmental studies
  • Bioinformatics
  • Biogeographical information
• Technological devices


  • Digital thermometer
  • Pregnancy urine test
  • Diabetic blood test
  • HIV test
  • Microscopes
  • Computer Information Technology Scanning (CITS)
  • Computed Tomography scan (CT scan)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)
  • Geographical Position System (GPS)
  • Handheld Body fat calculator
• Impacts of biology and technology

  Factors that pose positive or negative effects on the society and the natural world
• Impacts of biology on society and natural world

  • Ensuring food security
  • Medicine and disease treatments
  • Better supply of energy and clean water
  • Increase in industrial production
  • Creating antibiotics
  • Technological devices made from biological materials
  • Biological weapon production and use
  • Predetermined limit to have only boys
• Impacts of technology on society and natural world

  • Industrial emissions and effluents
  • Biochemical agents, pesticides, and fertilizers
• Ethical issues in biology


  Issues that arise concerning the rightness or wrongness of using biological discoveries for the health and wellbeing of humans
• Ethical treatment of plants

  Subjecting plant species to severe life-treating conditions leads to a total disappearance of plant species
• Unethical treatment of plants

  • Testing seeds or berries through destructive rays
  • Cutting tree terminals for experiments
  • Consumption of all seeds and fruits without conservation
  • Unplanned cutting of trees or deforestation
  • Burning forests and seedlings for farmlands
  • Restructuring the shapes of trees for aesthetic appeal
• Ethical treatment of animals in experiments

  Animals are sentient creatures that have a nervous system, feel painful feelings, emotional stress, and have interests and values
• Three Rs principles for ethical treatment of animals

  • Reduction
  • Refinement
  • Replacement
• Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, and sensitive to stimuli; and they reproduce, protect themselves, move, respire, excrete, grow, and have different body symmetries
• Classification of animals


  • Vertebrates
  • Invertebrates
• Invertebrates


  • Lack a rigid internal skeletal system
  • Many are soft-bodied
  • Some have an external skeleton called an exoskeleton, usually made of chitin
  • Cold-blooded, do not regulate their body temperature
• Vertebrates


  • Possess a well-defined internal skeleton system with cartilage and a backbone or vertebral column
  • Have more complex and specialized organ systems such as circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and excretory systems
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Includes mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians
• Chordates


  Not all chordates are vertebrates
• Reproduction


  The process by which living organisms duplicate themselves
• Types of reproduction in animals

  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in animals

  • More common among invertebrates
  • Includes budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis
• Sexual reproduction in animals

  • Involves two individual parents and the fusion of gametes
  • Produces offspring with genetic material from both parents
  • Involves different male and female reproductive structures
• Asexual reproduction


  Type of reproduction that involves a single individual and does not require the fusion of gametes from two parents
• Asexual reproduction in animals is more common among invertebrates than in vertebrates
• Common forms of asexual reproduction in animals

  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
• Parthenogenesis


  Type of asexual reproduction where unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring
• Sexual reproduction


  Type of reproduction that involves two individual parents and requires the fusion of gametes from two parents (male and female)
• Sexual reproduction produces offspring that have genetic material from both parents
• Parents in sexual reproduction

  • They are diploid organisms with a complete set of chromosomes (2n)
• Sexual reproduction


  1. Production of haploid gametes (n)

  2. Fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote (2n)

  3. Development of embryo and adult organism
• External fertilization


  Eggs are released into the aqueous environment for fertilization
• Internal fertilization


  Eggs are released from the ovary into the uterine tubes for fertilization
• Internal fertilization


  More advantageous for land animals compared to aquatic animals
• Major features associated with internal fertilization

  • Eggs are protected from drying out
  • Embryo development occurs within the female body
• Sexual reproduction is more advantageous than asexual reproduction
• Zygote


  Single-celled diploid fertilized egg (2n)
• Cleavage


  Series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote
• Blastula


  Hollow structure formed by cell division and rearrangement
• Gastrula


  Structure formed by gastrulation with different germ layers