science:lymphatic+exceratory+vaccines

• Lymphatic System


  Extracellular fluid
• Lymphatic System


  1. Transports fluid (lymph) from tissues to the blood

  2. Lymphatic vessels transport lymph to the blood (not closed)

  3. Muscles contracting on the lymphatic vessels circulate lymph
• Lymph


  • Fluid derived from extracellular fluid
  • Circulates in the lymphatic vessels to evacuate waste and foreign substances from the body
• Lymph nodes


  • Small bumps in neck, armpits, and groin
  • Filter lymph, high concentration of immune cells, battleground against infection
• WBC Actions


  1. Phagocytosis - WBCs ingest and destroy pathogens

  2. Antibodies - WBCs secrete antibodies to neutralize pathogens
• Antibodies


  • Substances secreted by WBCs to neutralize pathogens
  • Specific to one antigen
  • Help WBCs remember how to produce a particular antibody
• Antigen


  Substance recognized as foreign by the body and triggers the body's WBCs to produce antibodies
• Excretory System


  • Eliminates toxic substances
  • Removes carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste, and other waste products
• Excretion


  Process by which waste products are eliminated from the body
• Sweat Glands


  • 2,500,000 on our body surface
  • Help our bodies keep a constant temperature
• Urinary System


  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Filters blood to remove urea, nitrogenous waste, excess water, and mineral salts
• Urine


  Waste from oxidation of amino acids, excess water, minerals, and other substances
• Immunity


  Capacity to resist a disease the body has been exposed to
• Immune Response


  1. Body produces antibodies to defeat a pathogen (takes days)

  2. Immune system remembers how to quickly produce antibodies for that pathogen in the future
• Vaccine


  • Prepared substance that is used to immunize against one or more diseases
  • Attenuated or weakened infectious agents that are not strong enough to cause disease
• How vaccines are made

  1. Cultured cells are treated to make them harmless

  2. Live vaccine - infectious agent is chemically treated to lose ability to cause disease

  3. Inactive vaccine - only part of infectious agent used, chemically treated

  4. mRNA vaccine - instructs cells to produce harmless spike protein, triggering immune response