A

• General Emilio Aguinaldo had misinterpreted the intent and character of the men he had left behind
• Their trust in him and the revolutionary cause was not as lasting as he had thought
• The dissatisfaction manifested itself, two days after Aguinaldo's departure
• Rebels at Biak-na-Bato


  Led by Isabelo Artacho
• Rebels at Biak-na-Bato passed a resolution


  1. Defied the departed leaders

  2. Result of being left behind with no money, while the less meritorious were enjoying the use of indemnity in Hong Kong

  3. Second installment was quickly, if not equitably, divided among the leaders left at Biak-na-Bato
• Pedro Paterno informed Aguinaldo of the resolution of December 29 and of the subsequent Spanish payment to the rebels at Biak-na-Bato
• For Aguinaldo, the situation was fast deteriorating
• There was discontent and division among the exiles in Hong Kong, and open defiance of his leadership in the Philippines
• Unless countermeasures were taken, the discontent in Hong Kong could also turn into defiance
• Aguinaldo called for a meeting of all the exiles in Hong Kong


  1. Relayed Paterno's message describing the resolution of December 29

  2. Read a letter from Lieutenant Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera, stating that the Spanish had no intention of making the third payment "as long as there was any revolt in the Philippines and the society of the Katipunan was not dissolved"

  3. Announced that Artacho was resigning as secretary of the interior and director of commerce and was demanding reimbursement for miscellaneous expenses
• The Hong Kong exiles reacted just as Aguinaldo would have wished
• They believed that the Spaniards and Artacho's group were acting in bad faith
• The assemblage agreed to

  1. Reject the Biak-na-Bato agreement of December 19, 1897

  2. Authorize Aguinaldo to take charge of the money, spending only the interest for living expenses

  3. Approve Artacho's resignation, but disapprove his demands for reimbursement
• The officials of the provisional government formed at Biak-na-Bato were replaced by individuals selected from the membership of the exiled group
• The said meeting represented the first action of the Hong Kong Junta
• The reins of the provisional government were officially, if not actually, assumed by the rebels in Hong Kong
• The Junta was no longer a meaningless group of exiles awaiting the outcome of a vague and weak agreement, but a concentration of serious Filipino leaders with a quite large sum of money
• The exiled Filipino leadership, despite their initial displays of conciliation and loyalty to Spain, had every intention of continuing the revolt
• While the Junta was establishing itself in Hong Kong, events in the Philippines were not going smoothly for the Spanish
• They were bothered by continued clashes with the Filipinos but, as these outbreaks were scattered and unorganized, they were initially attributed to tulisanes (bandits)
• Technology


  Practical application of scientific knowledge, used mainly in industrial production, has practical impact in communities, agriculture, health, education & transportation
• Technology started as human civilization develop tools necessary for their survival, and keeps progressing due to the changing times and the progressing mind of mankind
• Despite the good intentions of technological development and advancement, there are pros and cons to keep in mind
• Various ethical dilemmas have been identified throughout time involving the use of different technologies
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)


  The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs
• AI is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think
• Goals of AI


  1. To Create Expert Systems

  2. To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines
• Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering
• Areas that can contribute to build an intelligent system

  • Computer Science
  • Biology
  • Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Mathematics
  • Engineering
• History of AI


  • 1923 - Karel Čapek's play "Rossum's Universal Robots" (RUR) opens in London, first use of the word "Robot" in English

  1945 - Isaac Asimov coined the term Robotics

  1950 - Alan Turing introduced Turing Test and published Computing Machinery and Intelligence

  1956 - John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence

  1969 - Scientists at Stanford Research Institute developed Shakey, a robot with locomotion, perception & problem solving

  1973 - The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot

  1979 - The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built

  1985 - Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron

  1997 - The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov

  2000 - Interactive robot pets become commercially available
• Robotics / Robot


  Actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with degree of autonomy, moving within its environment to perform intended task
• Laws on the Roles played by Robots - Isaac Asimov

  1. A robot may not injure a human being or through in action, allow a human being to come to harm

  2. A robot must obey the orders given by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law

  3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first and second law
• Ethical Dilemma on Robotics

  • Safety - Who should be held accountable if someone's safety is compromised by a robot?

  Emotional Component - What if robots become sentient, should they be granted robot rights?
• Advantages of Modern Technology

  • Improved Communications

  Improved Housing, Lifestyle/Entertainment

  Convenience in Education

  Convenience in Travel

  Change in Health Industry

  Efficiency & Productivity

  Initiates Creativity & Innovation
• Disadvantages of Modern Technology

  • Job Loss & Human Displacement

  World Destruction Weapons

  Increased Loneliness (among youths)

  Competency
• Ethical Dilemmas of Emerging Technology include Real-Time Satellite Surveillance Imagery
• Job displacement


  • Massive
• World Destruction Weapons


  • Further development in machineries, weaponry and armaments that caused massive death among countries at war
  • Includes drones, fly-by-wire technologies, submarines, various missiles, and stealth technology in aircrafts, space, and nuclear weapons
• Increased Loneliness (among youths)

  • Physical and social isolation
  • Absence of interactive relationships between family members and friends
  • Limited physical interaction with the outside world
  • Attention is focused on their gadgets and rely mainly on the social technology
  • Makes them feel isolated leading to a casual & unrewarding relationship
• Competency


  • Reduced human creativity and intelligence due to increased dependence on modern tools and technologies that create innovations and changes in the society