SCIENCE

• Mass


  Refers to the amount of matter in an object
• Volume


  Refers to the space occupied by the matter
• Temperature


  Measure of the coldness or hotness of a material
• Pressure


  Force applied by the gas particles per unit area
• Kinetic Molecular Theory


  • Gases are composed of molecules with far greater distances between them than their dimensions
  • Gas molecules are always in constant random motion and frequently collide
  • Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are so weak they are insignificant
  • The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly related to its temperature
• Units for Pressure


  • atm
  • mmHg
  • torr
  • Pascal
  • PSI
  • bar
• Boyle's Law


  The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature
• Boyle's Law


  • Air is blown into a balloon, increasing pressure and expanding the balloon
  • Squeezing one end of the balloon decreases volume and increases pressure
• Boyle's Law Equation


  P1V1 = P2V2
• Charles' Law


  The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure
• Charles' Law Equation


  V1/T1 = V2/T2
• Graph represents Charles' Law
• Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

  K = ℃+ 273.15
• Kelvin


  Unit for absolute temperature
• Binary Compounds


  Chemical compounds comprising two distinct elements
• Writing Binary Ionic Compounds

  1. Write symbol and charge of cation first, then anion

  2. Transpose number of positive charge to anion subscript, number of negative charge to cation subscript

  3. Reduce to lowest ratio

  4. Write final formula
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds


  Name cation first (specifying charge if necessary), then nonmetal anion (stem + -ide)
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

  • Sodium chloride
  • Calcium fluoride
  • Beryllium iodide
• Writing Binary Covalent Compounds

  1. Element with lower group number written first

  2. Element with higher group number written second

  Exception: Halogen before oxygen
• Naming Binary Covalent Compounds

  Name element with lower group number, followed by other element with -ide suffix

  Use prefixes mono, di, tri to indicate number of that element
• Naming Binary Covalent Compounds

  • Nitrogen trifluoride
  • Fluorine trichloride
  • Silicon dioxide
  • Tetraphosphorus decaoxide
• Binary Acids


  Compounds with hydrogen (H) and a nonmetal (NM)
• Naming Binary Acids


  Acid name begins with hydro-, followed by base name of anion, followed by -ic acid
• Polyatomic Ion


  A covalently bonded set of two or more atoms or a metal complex that behaves as a single unit with a net charge
• Ternary Compounds


  Chemical compounds containing three different elements
• Types of Ternary Compounds

  • Ternary Ionic Compounds
  • Oxyacids
  • Hydroxides
• Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds


  Name the cation/metal first, followed by the anion/polyatomic ion
• Naming Ternary Acids/Oxyacids


  Name the root of the anion, followed by:

  • ic acid for polyatomic ion ending in -ate
  • ous acid for polyatomic ion ending in -ite

  hypo-ous acid for polyatomic ion ending in -ite with less oxygen

  per-ic acid for polyatomic ion ending in -ate with greater number of oxygen
• Hydroxides


  Compounds with a metal (M) and hydroxide ion (OH-)
• Chemical reaction is a process in which a substance is changed into one or more new substances, represented by a chemical equation
• Reactant


  Starting material, written on the left side of an equation
• Product


  Substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction, written on the right side of the equation
• Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, so every chemical reaction must be balanced
• Symbols in Chemical Equation

  • +
  • →
  • (s)
  • (l)
  • (g)
  • (aq)