SS cycle test

• Years ago the San people lived in Southern Africa

  20 000
• Location of the San people

  • Everywhere in Southern Africa
• Egalitarian system


  Government system of the San people
• Headman


  Passed down role that looked after resources
• Social system of the San people

  • Small groups of 20-30 people
  • Men and women gifted equally - men hunted, women gathered
• What the San people ate

  • Hunted meat (75%)
  • Gathered wild plants and berries (25%)
  • No farming
• Types of shelter


  • Lived in the open, used caves or rock shelters if needed due to weather
• Religion


  High regard for nature, believed their gods could influence nature
• The San people showed their culture through their religion and beliefs
• Khoi people


  Indigenous people who lived in Southern Africa around 2000 years ago
• When the Khoi people lived in Southern Africa

  2000 years ago
• Location of Khoi people

  • Settled in Southern Africa (indicated with YELLOW on map)
  • Some movement shown with RED arrows
• Government systems and Politics of Khoi people

  1. Ruled by a headman who made decisions and settled civil disputes

  2. Men and women were not treated equally
• Social System of Khoi people

  • Lived in groups of 100-1000
  • Land owned communally
  • Men tended to cattle, women gathered and crops and milked cattle
• What the Khoi people ate

  • Meat - cattle, sheep, wild game, seafood
  • Vegetables - wild plants (nothing grown)
  • They were pastoralists, farmed animals only
• Shelter of Khoi people

  • Semi-nomadic, built mat houses (matjiehs) - round huts made with a sapling frame covered in reed mats
• Religion and culture of Khoi people

  • Worshipped a god called Tsui/Goab
  • Had rituals to mark important events like weddings, births and deaths
  • Cattle only slaughtered for rituals
• Main difference between Khoi and African farmers - Khoi were pastoralists, African farmers grew crops
• When African farmers settled in Southern Africa

  20 years ago
• Reasons why African farmers moved to Southern Africa

  • Population growth
  • More food available
  • Sahara desert expanding
  • Conflict between nations and other tribes
• Government systems and Politics of African farmers

  1. Autocracy - ruled by a chief

  2. Chief conducted trade and made decisions, but power limited by elders
• Social System of African farmers

  • Men herded/tended to animals and protected the village
  • Women looked after crops, childcare, cooking
• Wealth of African farmers

  • Cattle - used for transactions, rituals, and lobola (bride price)
  • Cattle were valuable, provided milk, meat, clothing, and containers
• Shelter of African farmers

  • Kraals - circular huts made of mud, brick-like stones, and thatch
  • Moved around more often
• What African farmers ate


  • Meat - chicken, goats, sheep, game, cattle
  • Crops - beans, sorghum, fish, crayfish
• African farmers were pastoralists (farmed animals) and crop farmers
• When the Dutch (VOC) arrived in the Cape


  1651
• VOC (Dutch East India Company)

  A trading company that traded around the world, formed to challenge Portuguese and Spanish domination of the European spice trade
• Purpose of the Dutch settlement in the Cape


  • Defend against Khoi attacks by building a fort
  • Act as a halfway point on the route between Asia and Europe, providing fresh food and water
  • Defend Dutch trade routes from the French and British
• The first buildings built were the Castle and the Company Gardens, which were later expanded into Cape Town
• Free Burghers

  • In 1687, some of the best applicants were allowed to select land which they could occupy as freemen (no longer VOC employees)
  • They had to stay on the east side of the Liesbeek River and sell produce to the VOC
  • They were allowed to trade with the Khoi
• Expansion of the Dutch settlement

  Resulted in conflicts with the Khoi who lost grazing land as farmers occupied the land and in some instances seized Khoi cattle
• Dutch immigration to the Cape

  • Initially grew slowly, so in 1679 the VOC appointed Simon van der Stel as governor to promote immigration from the Netherlands
  • Many free burghers moved to Paarl to set up farms, but the white population remained quite low
• French Huguenots

  • French Protestants who fled France and were invited to live in South Africa by the Dutch
  • To increase the white population, they were highly trained farmers and craftsmen, and shared the Protestant religion
• In 1688, a number of French Huguenot families arrived at the Cape and introduced grape farming to South Africa
• Alexander the Great

  Powerful king of Macedonia who conquered the Achaemenid Empire, ruling over one of the largest empires in history
• Background of Alexander the Great

  • Greek city-states were divided and weakened after the Peloponnesian War
  • Macedonia, ruled by a monarchy, was seen as a backwards land by the Greeks
  • Philip II of Macedonia moulded Macedonia into an efficient military force and subdued the territories around Macedonia and Greece
• Aristotle

  Famous Greek philosopher hired by Philip II to tutor the young Alexander, who grew to be very pro-Greek but also learned about Persian culture
• After subduing the Greek city-states, Philip II planned to take his armies into the Achaemenid Empire, but was assassinated before he could do so
• Alexander the Great's conquests

  • Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, Persia, and prepared to campaign in India
  • Accumulated one of the largest empires in history, but his soldiers wanted to return home, so he agreed and they turned back