Part 4 - Urinary System

• Urinary System


  • A purification system for the blood
  • Maintains fluid, electrolyte and pH balance and removes toxins
• Organs of Urinary System

  • Two kidneys
  • Two ureters
  • One urinary bladder
  • One urethra
• Urinary System Combining Forms

  • azot/o - nitrogenous waste
  • bacteri/o - bacteria
  • cyst/o - bladder
  • glomerul/o - glomerulus
  • glycos/o - sugar, glucose
  • keton/o - ketones
  • lith/o - stone
  • meat/o - meatus
  • nephr/o - kidney
  • noct/i - night
  • olig/o - scanty
  • pyel/o - renal pelvis
  • ren/o - kidney
  • ur/o - urine
  • ureter/o - ureter
  • urethr/o - urethra
  • urin/o - urine
  • vesic/o - bladder
• Urinary System Suffixes

  • -lith - stone
  • -lithiasis - condition of stones
  • -ptosis - drooping
  • -tripsy - surgical crushing
  • -uria - condition of the urine
• Waste Removal

  1. Waste is removed through system of blood vessels and tubules called the nephron

  2. More than 1 million nephrons make up each kidney

  3. Nephrons produce urine

  4. Urine drains from kidney through ureters to bladder, into urethra, and then out of body
• Kidneys

  • Where are the kidneys located? Peritoneum
  • Concave area on edge of center called hilum
  • Renal artery enters
  • Renal vein leaves
  • Ureter leaves
• Ureters

  • Urine drains from renal pelvis into ureters
  • Extend from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
  • Lined with mucous membranes
• Urinary Bladder


  • Elastic muscular sac
  • Lies in base of pelvis
  • Receives urine from ureters
  • Stores urine and holds 250 mL of urine
  • Excretes through urethra
  • Involuntary muscle action causes bladder to contract and internal sphincter to relax
  • Voluntary muscles control external sphincter
• Urethra


  • Tubular canal lined with mucous membrane
  • 1½ inches long in females, 8 inches long in males
  • Carries urine from bladder to outside of body
  • External opening is called urinary meatus
  • Releasing urine from body is called micturition, voiding, or urination
• Urine


  • Normally straw colored to clear
  • 95% water
  • Contains excess water, electrolytes, toxins, nitrogen wastes
  • Normal 24-hour output 1,000 to 2,000 mL
  • Acidic, specific gravity varies from 1.001 to 1.030
• Word Building with cyst/o

  • cystalgia - bladder pain
  • cystectomy - excision of bladder
  • cystogram - record of bladder
  • cystic - pertaining to bladder
  • cystitis - bladder inflammation
  • cystolith - bladder stone
  • cystostomy - new opening in bladder
  • cystotomy - incision into bladder
  • cystopexy - surgical fixation of bladder
  • cystoplasty - surgical repair of bladder
  • cystorrhagia - rapid bleeding from bladder
  • cystoscope - instrument to examine inside bladder
• Word Building with lith/o

  • lithotripsy - surgical crushing of stone
  • lithotomy - incision to remove stone
• Word Building with nephr/o

  • nephrectomy - removal of kidney
  • nephrogram - record of kidney
  • nephritis - inflammation of kidney
  • nephrolith - kidney stone
  • nephrologist - kidney specialist
  • nephromalacia - kidney softening
  • nephromegaly - kidney enlargement
  • nephroma - kidney tumor
  • nephrosis - abnormal condition of the kidney
  • nephrptosis - drooping kidney
  • nephrostomy - new opening into kidney
  • neprhotomy - incision into kidney
  • nephropathy - kidney disease
  • nephropexy - surgical fixation of kidney
  • nephrolithiasis - condition of kidney stone
  • nephrosclerosis - kidney hardening
• Word Building with pyel/o

  • pyelogram - record of renal pelvis
  • pyelitis - inflammation of renal pelvis
  • pyeloplasty - surgical repair of renal pelvis
• Word Building with ren/o and ur/o

  • urologist - urine specialist
  • uremia - urine blood condition
  • renal - pertaining to the kidney
• Word Building with ureter/o

  • ureteral - pertaining to ureter
  • ureterectasis - ureter dilation
  • ureterolith - ureter stone
  • ureterostenosis - narrowing of ureter
• Word Building with urethr/o

  • urethral - pertaining to urethra
  • urethralgia - urethra pain
  • urethritis - inflammation of urethra
  • urethrorrhagia - rapid bleeding from urethra
  • uretheroscope - instrument to view inside urethra
  • urethrostenosis - narrowing of urethra
• Word Building with urin/o

  • urinometer - instrument to measure urine
  • urinary - pertaining to urine
• Word Building with -uria

  • anuria - condition of no urine
  • bacteriuria - bacteria in the urine
  • dysuria - difficult or painful urination
  • glycosuria - sugar in the urine
  • hematuria - blood in the urine
  • ketonuria - ketones in the urine
  • nocturia - nighttime urination
  • oliguria - scanty urination
  • polyuria - frequent urination
  • proteinuria - protein in the urine
  • pyuria - pus in the urine
• Azotemia


  Nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream
• Calculus


  Stone formed within an organ from mineral salts
• Catheter


  Flexible tube inserted into the body; commonly through urethra into bladder
• Diuresis


  Increased formation and secretion of urine
• Enuresis


  Involuntary discharge of urine; also called bed-wetting at night
• Frequency

  Greater urge to urinate; no increase in total volume of urine
• Hesitancy


  Decrease in force of urine stream, often with difficulty initiating the flow
• Micturition


  Another term for urination
• Nephrology


  Diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the kidney
• Renal colic


  Pain caused by a kidney stone
• Stricture


  Narrowing of a passageway in the urinary system
• Uremia


  Accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream
• Urgency


  Feeling the need to urinate immediately
• Urinary incontinence


  Involuntary release of urine
• Urinary retention


  Inability to fully empty the bladder
• Urology


  Diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the urinary system
• Voiding


  Another term for urination
• Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)


  • Damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria
• Diabetic nephropathy


  • Damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus
• Glomerulonephritis


  • Inflammation of the kidney; more permeable to protein and blood cells
• Hydronephrosis


  • Distention of renal pelvis due to accumulation of urine in the kidney