RLE FINALS ORAL MEDICATION

• Nurse's responsibilities


  Carry out medication orders from the physician, know the actions and indications of all medications they administer, including safe dosage ranges, adverse reactions, monitoring parameters, and nursing implications
• Pharmacopeia


  A book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions of the product, chemical tests, for determining identity and purity, formulas, and prescriptions
• Pharmacology


  The study of the effect of drugs on living organisms
• Mechanism of Action


  The specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect, usually including mention of specific molecular targets
• Indication


  Something indicated as necessary or expedient, as in the administration of a drug, a reason to prescribe a medication or perform a treatment
• Pharmacotherapeutics


  The study of the use of drugs in treating disease, addressing the drugs' effect on the body and the body's response to the drug
• Drug Effect


  Systemic (reaches widespread areas of the body in different body systems), Local (limited to the area of the body where the drug is administered), Therapeutic (intended, desired, primary effect)
• Pharmacy


  The art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs, the place where drugs are prepared and dispensed
• Pharmacist


  Dispense prescription medications and provide information to patients about the drugs and their use
• Polypharmacy


  The use of multiple medication by a patient, especially when too many forms of medication are used or when more drugs are prescribed than is clinically warranted
• Drugs


  Substances which act on the body and are used for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, don't have any definite form and dose
• Medicine


  Substances that are in definite form and dose, for therapeutic use for treatment
• Pharmaceutical Drug


  Any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease
• Sources of Drugs


  • Natural (derived from plants and animals)
  • Synthetic (produced from starting materials)
• Drug Classifications


  • OTC (Over-the-Counter, available without prescription)
  • POM (Prescription Only Medicine, must be prescribed)
  • BTC (Behind-the-Counter, don't require prescription but must be sold by pharmacist)
• Drug Nomenclature


  • Chemical Name- Describes the drugs molecular structure and identifies its chemical structure
  • Generic Name- Is the drug’s official name, It is also the complete copy of the branded drugs
  • Trade Name (Brand Name)- Name given by the drug manufacturer. It is also known as “the first of its kind”

  
• Pharmacokinetics


  The movement and modification of medication inside the body, what the body does to the medication and how it does it
• Absorption


  The process by which the drug passes into the bloodstream, the first step in the movement of drug into the body
• Distribution


  The transportation of drug from its site of absorption to its site of action
• Biotransformation


  The process by which drug is converted to a less active form, "Detoxification" "Metabolism", site: Liver
• Excretion


  The process by which metabolites and drugs are eliminated from the body, modes: kidney, feces, breath, perspiration
• Pharmacodynamics


  Mechanisms and effects of medications (what medication do and how)
• Mechanism of Actions


  The specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect, usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as enzyme or receptor
• Drug Effects


  • Local (point of contact, generally does not affect tissues in other areas)
  • Systemic (affects the different body systems)
  • Therapeutic (desired, intended, primary effects)
• Kinds of Therapeutic Benefit

  • Palliative (relieves symptoms but doesn't affect disease)
  • Chemotherapeutic (destroys malignant cells)
  • Curative (cures disease or condition)
  • Restorative (returns body to health)
  • Supportive (supports body function)
  • Substitutive (replaces body fluids or substances)
• Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects

  • Side Effects (not intended but usually predictable, secondary effects)
  • Adverse Effects (abnormal, harmful, or undesirable, more severe and dangerous)
  • Toxicity (poisonous effects)
  • Idiosyncrasy (unexpected and unexplainable effect)
  • Hypersensitivity (exaggerated immune response)
• Drug Toxicity


  Deleterious effects of a drug to an organism, results from overdosage, ingestion, build-up of drug due to impaired excretion or metabolism (cumulative effect)
• Drug Tolerance


  Unusually low physiologic response to a drug, requiring increased dosage to maintain therapeutic effect
• Cumulative Effect


  Increasing response to repeated doses of a drug when the rate of administration exceeds the metabolism or excretion
• Idiosyncratic Effects


  Unexpected and individualized effects, adverse drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably
• Other Related Terminologies

  • Allergy (intraepidermal vesicle rash, urticarial wheal, macular eruption) An immunologic reaction of the body
  • Pruritus (itching of the skin)
  • Angioedema (edema due to increased permeability of blood capillaries)
  • Rhinitis (excessive watery discharge from nose)
  • Lacrimal Tearing (excessive tearing)
  • Nausea and Vomiting (stimulation of brain centers)
  • Wheezing and Dyspnea (shortness of breath, accumulated fluids and swelling of respiratory tissues)
  • Diarrhea (irritation of large intestine mucosa)
  • Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction, deadly if heart and lungs involved)
• Iatrogenic (Iatrogenic Effect)


  Disease caused unintentionally by medical therapy, can include hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, biliary obstruction, fetal malformations, skin injury
• Drug Toxicity

  • Hepatotoxic (damaging to liver)
  • Ototoxic (damaging to hearing and balance)
  • Nephrotoxic (damaging to kidneys)
  • Neurotoxic (adverse effect on nervous system)
• Teratogenic


  Causing malformations of an embryo or fetus
• Carcinogenic


  Pertaining to the development of cancer
• Drug Interaction


  The administration of one drug alters the effect of one or both
• Potentiating Effect


  A drug can amplify the effect of another drug
• Additive


  When two of the same type of drug increase the action of each other
• Synergistic


  When two different drugs increase the action of one or another drug
• Inhibiting Effect


  A drug can decrease the effect of another drug