Russian Civil War

• The open use of terror to control the people was led by the Cheka. It led to the Red terror, where the local Cheka units and Red Army were used to enforce the Bolshevik policies
• There was greater opposition within the party to the use of Terror and War Communism which led to the Workers' opposition forming. Lenin responded with 'On Party Unity' and the ban on factions in 1921. Russia was now a One-Party state
• The worker and peasant uprisings resulted in greater repression. There were the show trials of menshevkis, creation of the first gulag, censorship reimposed, renewed attacks on the church and all parties other than the communists were banned
• The Cheka was formalised as the GPU