Bronchial washing, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), or transbronchial biopsy specimens
Brushings
Gastric aspiration
Urine
Stool
Blood for mycobacteremia
Tissue or body fluids
Sputum and other respiratory secretions collection
1. Early-morning specimen collected on three consecutive days
2. If at least two of the first three sputum direct smears are positive, then three specimens are often sufficient to confirm a diagnosis
3. When none, or only one, of the first three sputum smears is positive, additional specimens are needed for culture confirmation
4. 5 to 10 mL of sputum produced by a deep cough of expectorated sputum or induced by inhalation of an aerosol of hypertonic saline should be used
Gastric aspiration
1. Gastric aspirates should be obtained in the morning after an overnight fast
2. Three specimens should be collected within 3 days
3. Sterile water, 30 to 60 mL, is instilled orally or via nasogastric tube aspiration
Urine collection
1. First morning midstream specimen is preferred
2. A minimum of 15 mL, is collected in a sterile container
Tissue or body fluids collection
1. 10 to 15 mL of sterile saline should be added to prevent dehydration
2. 2 mL for CSF, 3 to 5 mL for exudates and pericardial and synovial fluids, and 10 to 15 mL for abdominal and chest fluids
Digestion and Decontamination of Specimens
To liquefy the sample through digestion of the proteinaceous material
To allow the chemical decontaminating agent to contact and kill the nonmycobacterial organisms
Specimens that require digestion and decontamination
Sputum
Gastric washing
BAL
Bronchial washing
Transtracheal aspirate
Voided urine
Autopsy tissue
Abdominal fluid
Any contaminated fluid
Sodium Hydroxide
Usual concentration 2%, 3%, or 4%—serves as a digestant and decontaminating agent
Acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC)
A combination of a liquefying agent, plus NaOH, is commonly used
Benzalkonium Chloride (Zephiran)
Another digestant-decontamination agent, combined with trisodium phosphate (Z-TSP)
Oxalic Acid
5%, used to decontaminate specimens contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, such as sputum specimens from patients with Cystic fibrosis
Staining for Acid-Fast Bacilli
1. Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun stains use carbolfuchsin as the primary stain, acid-alcohol as a decolorizing agent, and a methylene blue counterstain
2. Ziehl-Neelsen staining involves the application of heat with the carbolfuchsin stain, whereas the Kinyoun acid-fast stain is a cold stain
3. Slides are examined using a ×100 oil immersion objective on a light microscope for 15 minutes, viewing a minimum of 300 fields before a slide is called negative
Mycobacteria
Strictly aerobic and grow more slowly
The generation time of mycobacteria is longer than 12 hours; M. tuberculosis has the longest replication time, at 20 to 22 hours
Most pathogenic mycobacteria require 2 to 6 weeks of incubation
Growth of M. tuberculosis is enhanced by an atmosphere of 5% to 10% CO2
Mycobacteria require a pH between 6.5 and 6.8
M. genavense
Does not grow on media used routinely to isolate mycobacteria and requires extended incubation (6 to 8 weeks)
M. leprae
Fails to grow on artificial media
Egg-Based Media
Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ)
Petragnani
American Thoracic Society (ATS) media
Egg-Based Media
Contain fresh whole eggs, potato flour, and glycerol, with slight variations in defined salts, milk, and potato flour
Each contains malachite green to suppress the growth of gram-positive bacteria
Selective media
Gruft modification of LJ and Mycobactosel, used in combination with nonselective media to increase the isolation of mycobacteria from contaminated specimens
Agar-Based Media
Middlebrook 7H10
Middlebrook 7H11
Middlebrook 7H11 medium
Contains 0.1% casein hydrolysate, which improves the recovery of isoniazid-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis
Agar-Based Media
Drug susceptibility tests may be performed on agar-based media without altering drug concentrations, which occurs with egg-based media
Liquid Media
Middlebrook 7H9 broth and Dubos Tween albumin are nonselective liquid media used for subculturing stock strains
Mycobacterium spp. grow more rapidly in liquid medium
Colony Morphology
Smooth and soft or rough and friable appearance
Colonies of M. tuberculosis that are rough often exhibit a prominent patterned texture referred to as cording (curved strands of bacilli)
Colonies of Mycobacterium avium complex have a variable appearance, with glossy whitish colonies often occurring with smaller translucent colonies
Growth Rate
The range in recovery time is wide, from 3 to 60 days
Niacin Accumulation
Accumulation of niacin, detected as nicotinic acid, is the most commonly used biochemical test for the identification of MTB
Nicotinic acid reacts with cyanogen bromide in the presence of an amine to form a yellow-pigmented compound
It is recommended that the test be done on egg agar cultures 3 to 4 weeks old and with at least 50 colonies
Nitrate Reduction
The production of nitroreductase, which catalyzes the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, is relatively uncommon among Mycobacterium spp., but a positive result may be seen in M. kansasii, M. szulgai, M. fortuitum, and M. tuberculosis
Bacteria are incubated in 2 mL of sodium nitrate at 37° C for 2 hours. Hydrochloric acid, sulfanilamide, and N-naphthylenediamine dihydrochloride are then added; if the bacteria reduce the nitrate to nitrite, a red color forms
The nitrate reduction test differentiates M. tuberculosis from the scotochromogens and MAC
Catalase
Mycobacteria are catalase positive
Most M. tuberculosis complex organisms do not produce heat-stable catalase; exceptions are certain strains resistant to isoniazid
Other heat-stable, catalase-negative species include M. gastri, M. haemophilum, and M. marinum
Semiquantitation of catalase production is based on the addition of Tween 80 and hydrogen peroxide to a 2-week-old culture grown in an agar deep, and the resulting column of bubbles is measured
Hydrolysis of Tween 80
Some mycobacteria possess a lipase that can split the detergent Tween 80 into oleic acid and polyoxyethylated sorbitol
The pH indicator, neutral red, is initially bound to Tween 80 and has an amber color. After hydrolysis of Tween 80, neutral red can no longer bind, and it is released, causing a pink color to form
Iron Uptake
Some mycobacteria can convert ferric ammonium citrate to an iron oxide, resulting in rusty brown colonies in a positive reaction on the addition of 20% aqueous solution of ferric ammonium citrate
The test is most useful in distinguishing M. chelonae, which is generally negative
Arylsulfatase
Most members of the genus Mycobacterium possess the enzyme arylsulfatase, which liberates phenolphthalein, causing a pH change in the presence of sodium bicarbonate, indicated by the formation of a pink color change
The M. fortuitum complex, M. chelonae, M. xenopi, and M. triviale have rapid arylsulfatase activity that can be detected in 3 days
M. marinum and M. szulgai exhibit activity with 14 days of incubation
Pyrazinamidase
Hydrolyzes pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid and ammonia in 4 days
Tellurite Reduction
Reduction of colorless potassium tellurite to black metallic tellurium in 3 to 4 days is a characteristic of MAC
Urease
Detection of urease activity can be used to distinguish M. scrofulaceum, urease-positive, from M. gordonae, urease-negative
A pink to red color is indicative of a positive reaction
NAP
NAP (p-nitroacetylamino-β-hydroxypropiophenone) selectively inhibits the M. tuberculosis complex
Thiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid Hydrazide (T2H)
M. bovis is susceptible to lower concentrations of T2H than MTB
Sodium Chloride Tolerance
High salt concentration (5% NaCl) in egg-based media (e.g., LJ) inhibits the growth of most mycobacteria
M. flavescens, M. triviale, and most rapidly growing Mycobacterium spp. are exceptions that do grow in the presence of 5% NaCl
Growth on MacConkey Agar
The Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonae complex can grow on MacConkey agar without crystal violet, whereas most other mycobacteria cannot
The CDC currently recommends that when isolated, M. tuberculosis be tested for susceptibility to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and streptomycin
Skin Testing
1. The tuberculin skin test uses purified protein derivative (PPD) extracted and purified from the cell wall of culture-grown M. tuberculosis as the antigen
2. A standardized amount of antigen is injected intradermally into the patient's forearm
3. Reactivity is read at 48 hours; in immunocompetent individuals, the presence of a raised firm area (induration) 10 mm or larger is considered reactive
4. A reactive tuberculin skin test indicates past exposure to M. tuberculosis; other Mycobacterium spp. generally result in an induration smaller than 10 mm. Immunocompromised patients with previous