Conworld

• STATE- is a community of persons, more or less numerous, occupying a definite territory, possessing an organized government, and enjoying independence from external control
• NATION- is defines as people, or aggregation of men, existing in the form of an organized society, usually inhabiting a distinct portion of the earth, speaking the same language, using the same customs, possessing historic continuity, and disguised from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics, but not necessarily living under the same government and sovereignty
• PEOPLE- is the entire body of those citizens of a stage who are invested with political power for political purposes.
• There can be NO functionaries to govern and NO subjects to be governed WITHOUT the people.
• TERRITORY- is a geographical area under the jurisdiction of another country or sovereign power or state.
• A state must have a territory sufficient in extent to provide for its maintenance and growth.
• DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION- discovering a continent, an island, or land with no inhabitants, then placing it under its political administration.
• PRESCRIPTION- through continuous and undisputed exercise of sovereignty over it during such period (50 years) as is necessary to create under the influence of historical development the general conviction that the present condition of things is in conformity with international order.
• CESSION- the assignment, transfer, or yielding up of territory by one state or government to another. It may be in the form of sale or donation.
• SUBJUGATION AND ANNEXATION- acquiring a territory belonging to a state by occupation and conquest made by another state in the course of war and by annexation at the end of the war.
• ACCRETION- addition of portion of soil, either artificial such as the reclamation area in Manilay Bay, or natural by gradual deposition through the operation of natural causes such as the waves of the ocean.
• GOVERNMENT- is the totality of authorities which rule a society by prescribing and carrying out fundamental rules which regulate the freedom of its members.
• SOVEREIGNTY- is the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed.
• INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY- the power to control and direct the internal affairs of a country such as the authority to enact, execute, and apply laws.
• EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY- the power of an independent state to control and direct its external affairs such as the authority to enter into treaties and with other state, the wage warm, and to receive and send diplomatic missions
•  May 1998- India conducted nuclear weapon tests which stunned the world, Pakistan also sets its own.
•  Japan froze its development grants and loans to both countries as largest donor nation.
•  Laws and regulations constrain the cross-border movement of products, services, people, money, and technical know-how.
•  Globalization in the context of governance takes place within the political environment of governmental institutions, political parties, and organizations through which a country’s people and rules exercise power.
•  Political Culture – reflects the relative importance of the government and legal system and provides a context within which individuals and corporations understand their relationship to the political system.
• POLITICAL RISK- is a risk of a change in political environment policy that would adversely affect a company’s ability to operate effectively and profitably.
• Tension – is the fundamental cause of political risk between the resident’s aspirations and goals and the real conditions at a given time.
• When political risk is present in a high-income country, it can be traced to identifiable, long-standing issues in the country.
•  In China, most imports are subject to high duties, plus a 17% value-added tax.
•  Corporate taxation is another issue.
•  The high level of political risk currently evident in Russia can be attributed in part to excessively high taxes on business operations.
•  High taxes encourage many enterprises engage in cash or barter transactions that are off the books and sheltered from the eyes of the tax authorities.
• INTERNATIONAL LAWS- defined as the rules and principles that nation-states consider binding upon themselves.
•  That is why the concept of electronic herd emerged that gathers in key global financial centers, such as Wall Street, Hong Kong, London, Frankfurt, and Tokyo which can be described as the “supermarkets”.
•  Emerging supermarkets: Singapore and Seoul.
• New Zealand #89 Clean Corruption in 2017
• Denmark #88 clean Corruption in 2021
• Denmark #90 Clean Corruption 2023
• Executive - president -( implementing and enforcing)
• Legislative - making law
• Judicial - resposible fo interpreting a law /judge
• Philippines corruption # 33 ( 2021
• Philippine Corruption 2023 ( number 34)