Physics paper 1

• [1.1]

  What can never happen to energy?

  Energy can never be created or destroyed.
• [1.1]

  Name the 8 types of energy store.

  Energy can be stored as:

  - Thermal

  - Chemical

  - Kinetic

  - Magnetic

  - Elastic potential energy

  - Electrostatic

  - Nuclear

  - Gravitational potential energy
• [1.1]

  What is a system?

  A system is an object or group of objects where energy is transferred between them.
• [1.1]

  Give the 2 types of system and their properties.

  Systems can either be open or closed, where an open allows energy and matter to enter and leave, while a closed does not.
• [1.1]

  What is another common term for energy transferred?

  Energy transferred can also be described as work done.
• [1.2]

  Give the formula for kinetic energy.


  Eₖ = ¹/₂mv²

  Energy = ¹/₂ x Mass x Velocity²
• [1.3]

  Give the formula for gravitational potential energy.


  Eₚ = mgh

  Energy = Mass x Gravitational Strength x Height
• [1.4]

  Define internal energy.


  Internal energy is the total energy stored in the particles of a system.
• [1.4]

  What are the 2 types of internal energy?

  Internal energy can either be potential energy, or kinetic energy.
• [1.4]

  Define temperature.

  Temperature is a measure of the average internal energy within a substance.
• [1.4]

  What is specific heat capacity?

  Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C.
• [1.4]

  Give the formula for specific heat capacity.

  △E = mc△0

  Energy change = Mass x Specific heat capacity x Temperature change
• [1.6]

  How does temperature spread in solids, fluids and empty space?

  Temperature spreads in multiple ways:

  - Solids - Conduction, vibrating particles pass energy

  - Fluids - Convection, particles collide and spread energy

  - Empty space - Radiation, waves carry energy
• [1.7]

  Give the 2 most common ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers.

  Unwanted energy transfers are most commonly reduced through thermal insulation or lubrication.
• [1.8]

  Define power.


  Power is the rate at which energy is transferred.
• [1.8]

  Give the formula for power.


  P = e / t

  Power = Energy / Time
• [1.9]

  What is efficiency?

  Efficiency is a measure of how effectively energy is transferred.
• [1.9]

  Give the formula for efficiency.

  Efficiency = Useful output / Total output
• [1.10]

  Give the 2 types of energy sources.

  Energy sources can be categorised into:

  - Renewable, replenished faster than it is used

  - Non-renewable, replenished slower than it is used
• [1.10]

  What are the 3 forms of hydrocarbon?

  Hydrocarbons can either be coal (solid), oil (liquid) or natural gas (gas).
• [1.10]

  How do hydrocarbons form?

  Hydrocarbons form as a result of fossils being buried and compressed over millions of years.
• [2.1]

  What is an electrical circuit?

  An electrical circuit is a closed loop consisting of a power source and a wire.
• [2.1]

  How are electrical circuits represented?

  Electrical circuits are represented through circuit diagrams.
• [2.1]

  What is the purpose of cells and batteries?

  The purpose of cells and batteries is to provide a current to a circuit.
• [2.1]

  Describe the symbol for a cell.

  The symbol for a cell is two lines, with the longer one on the left (positive) and shorter one on the right (negative).
• [2.1]

  Describe the symbol for a battery.

  The symbol for a battery is made up of multiple cell symbols, connected with a dashed line.
• [2.1]

  Describe the symbol for a lamp.

  The symbol for a lamp is a circle containing an 'X'.
• [2.1]

  What is the purpose of switches?

  The purpose of switches is to control whether electrons can flow through a circuit.
• [2.1]

  Describe the symbol for a switch.

  The symbol for a switch is 2 circles, with a line between that changes based on whether the switch is open or closed.
• [2.1]

  What is current in a circuit?

  In a circuit, current is a measure of the flow of electrons.
• [2.1]

  What is current measured in?

  Current is measured in Amperes or Amps (A).
• [2.1]

  What is potential difference in a circuit?

  In a circuit, potential difference is the force that drives the flow of electrons.
• [2.1]

  What is potential difference measured in?

  Potential difference is measured in Volts (V).
• [2.1]

  What is resistance in a circuit?

  In a circuit, resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons.
• [2.1]

  What is resistance measured in?


  Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω).
• [2.1]

  Which way do electrons flow in a circuit and why?

  In a circuit, electrons flow from the negative cell terminal to the positive one; this happens as electrons are negative and so they repel away from the negative terminal, and are attracted to the positive one.
• [2.2]

  Give the formula for potential difference.

  V = IR

  Potential difference = Current x Resistance
• [2.2]

  What is a significant factor of resistance?

  A significant factor of resistance is temperature.
• [2.3]

  What is charge?


  Charge is a measure of the flow of a current over a certain period of time.
• [2.3]

  What is charge measured in?

  Charge is measure in Coulombs (C).