Plant and Animal Development

Cards (34)

  • gymnosperms - are both male and female; that is, each reproductive organ is either male or female
  • gymnosperms - they are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes
  • angiosperms - a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel
  • angiosperms - a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees
  • seed coat - seed is surrounded with this
  • aleurone layer - which lies under the seed coat, functions as a kind of digestive organ in seed germination
  • starchy endosperm - a food storage tissue that forms separately from the embryo while the seed is still attached to the parent plant
  • coleorhiza - protects the future root as it grows out of the seed into the surrounding soil
  • plumule - composed of the epicotyl, young leaves, and the shoot apical meristem.
  • seed germination - the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling.
  • breaking the dormancy - the embryo emits a hormone called gibberellin, which diffuses through the seed
  • monocots - the hormone then triggers the production of digestive enzymes by the aleurone
  • dicots - the digestive enzymes are produced by the cotyledons
  • early root emergence - this part of the root tip is known as the zone of division. It is an apical meristem, a growing tip of embryonic, differentiating tissue
  • early root emergence - zone of elongation, which is responsible for most of the lengthwise growth of the root tip. Since new cells are constantly added to this zone by mitosis
  • early root emergence - the older portions of the zone of elongation cease to grow and become incorporated into the zone of maturation, where tissue differentiation now begins
  • primary meristems - give rise to differentiated tissues such as phloem and xylem
  • primary meristems - eventually form differentiated tissues themselves, but in such a way as to produce lateral growth and increase in girth
  • zygote - a fertilized egg that has the potential to give rise to all the diverse cell types of the complete individual
  • cleavage - from one cell to many
  • implantation - begins on the seventh day of embryonic development
  • implantation - enzymes destroy some tiny maternal capillaries in the wall of the uterus
  • in the grass seed, the cotyledon is a food-absorbing structure known as a scutellum
  • the portion of the seedling below the cotyledons is known as hypocotyl. One of the structures included in it is the future root, or radicle
  • the root hairs form in the zone of maturation of the growing root tip
  • when the "hook" of a dicot seedling is exposed to light during germination, it reacts by straightening; the receptor substance that initiates this reaction is pigment known as phytochrome
  • the growing nodes of embryonic tissue found at the shoot and root tips of a plant are its apical meristems
  • movement of cells to form a tube such as the neural tube is an example of morphogenesis
  • specialization of cells to form neurons or some other cell types is called cellular differentiation
  • the rapid series of mitoses that converts the zygote to a morula is referred to as cleavage
  • the cluster of cells that projects into the cavity of the blastocyst is the inner mass; it gives rise to the cell embryo
  • the process by which the blastula becomes a three-layered embryo is called gastrulation
  • the tissue layer that gives rise to the nervous system is the ectoderm
  • the germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract is the endoderm