Plant and Animal Dev

• Contraception


  The prevention of the union of the sperm and egg but still allows coupling of a pair
• Barrier contraception


  Type of prevention worn to avoid the union of sperm and egg (e.g. condoms)
• Chemical contraception


  Type of prevention taken by the female to cause hormonal imbalance to prevent the release of egg cell (e.g. pills, injectables, implants)
• Vasectomy


  The cutting of the sperm duct (vas deferens) which allows the release of sperm to become part of the semen
• Tubaligation


  Surgery done to female to prevent the delivery of egg cell into the oviduct where it meets with the sperm cell
• The word "fruit" is a botanical term, while "vegetable" is a culinary term
• Bamboo is the fastest-growing woody plant in the world; it can grow 35 inches in a single day
• The average strawberry has 200 seeds. It's the only fruit that bears its seeds on the outside
• The tears during cutting an onion are caused by sulphuric acid present in them
• A sunflower looks like one large flower, but each head is composed of hundreds of tiny flowers called florets, which ripen to become the seeds
• The smell of freshly-cut grass is actually a plant distress call
• Plants


  The antennae by which the energy of sunlight is captured in the ecosphere and then stored in food for later slow, catabolic release in the living cells of both plants and animals
• More than 99% of our planet's living matter is composed of plants; this includes a tremendous variety of algae, vines, shrubs, trees, grasses, and herbs
• Almost all of these diverse plant shapes are variations on a common theme, and almost all tracheophytes (vascular plants) are composed of just three main parts: leaves, stems, and roots

  
• The fundamental body plan of a plant is laid down even before a seed leaves the parent plant
• Gymnosperms


  Seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, gingko, and gametophytes. Gymnosperms mean "naked seeds" that is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds
• Angiosperms


  Plants that have flowers and produces seeds enclosed with carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees. The angiosperms are then divided into the monocots and the dicots, mostly on the basis of their seed structure
• Endosperm


  The part of a seed which acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients
• Embryo


  A miniature plant in a state of arrested development
• Epicotyl


  The embryonic shoot above the cotyledons. In most plants the epicotyl will eventually develop into the leaves of the plant
• Hypocotyl


  A germinating seedling's stem, normally found underneath the seed leaves but above the root. This leaf-like structure tends to grow in response to light stimulation. Because the hypocotyl is the main extension organ, it gradually develops into the stem as the plant continues to grow

  
• Radicle


  The embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule)
• Cotyledon


  The significant part of the embryo found within the seed. It is the first and the tender leaf that emerges when the seed germinates. It is also called the storage unit of a seed, as it provides nutrients to the different parts of an embryo
• Seed coat


  The role is to safeguard the internal components of the seed. The seed coat also communicates information about environmental stimuli to the internal seed structures. Generally, after seeds detect the appropriate water, light, moisture, and temperature conditions, the seed coat splits open. Once opening, the embryo emerges from the seed
• Seed germination


  1. Inhibition of water

  2. Enzymatic and respiratory activities

  3. Digestion and translocation of food

  4. Assimilation

  5. Growth
• Dormancy


  The state of suspended development of the embryonic plant, which ends when germination takes place
• Imbibition


  The absorption of one substance by another, in particular the uptake of water by a plant or seed
• Digestion


  The chemically breaking down of complex food to a simple one done by the hydrolytic enzyme. The starch, lipid and protein is digested by diastase (α-amylase) lipase and protease into sugar, fatty acid and amino acid
• Assimilation


  The process by which the digested food becomes a part of the living protoplasm. The assimilation takes the place of the meristematic area to provide cellular activity growth of embryo and conservation into new cell component
• Plant growth stages


  1. Sprout

  2. Seedling

  3. Vegetative

  4. Budding

  5. Flowering

  6. Ripening

  
• Abscission


  The process by which plants shed one of their parts, and an abscission layer is an adaptation that specifically permits loss of leaves
• Sprout-Each seed contains a small parcel of nutrients that is all

  they need to germinate and begin growing their first pair of

  leaves.
• Seedling-As plants' roots develop and spread, a boost of quickly

  absorbed, well-balanced nutrients fuels the rapid growth from

  spindly seedling to healthy plant.
• Vegetative-Nitrogen is a key component of chlorophyll, the

  green pigment in plants, so it's the critical nutrient when their

  energy is focused on growing stalks and foliage.
• Budding-Phosphorus is in extra high demand at the start of a plant's

  reproductive cycle, the transition from growing leaves to forming buds.
• Flowering-Potassium plays a primary role in producing and

  transporting the sugars and starches plants use up as they develop

  healthy flowers and fruit.
• Ripening-When flowers and fruit are verging on full maturity, they

  need a week or two of just water without nutrients, a process known

  as "flushing," so they can use up all the nutrients they have already

  absorbed.