PE

• Leave No Trace Seven Principles

  A guiding principle for all outdoorsmen to help in preserving the pristine of nature, avoidance of unexpected emergencies, while enjoying the privileges of having time with nature
• Leave No Trace Seven Principles

  • Plan ahead and be Prepared
  • Travel and camp on durable surfaces
  • Respect wildlife
  • Leave what you find
  • Dispose of waste properly
  • Minimize camp-fire impact
  • Be considerate to other visitors
• Plan ahead and be Prepared

  1. Pick appropriate goals

  2. Know the area and what to expect

  3. Get necessary permits and follow agency guidelines

  4. Operate in small teams

  5. Select appropriate equipment and clothing

  6. Repackage food

  7. Stay safe

  8. Create checklist

  9. Follow your itinerary
• Travel and camp on durable surfaces

  • Durable surfaces includes established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses and snow
  • Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet from lakes and streams
  • Good campsites are found not made. Altering a site is not necessary
  • In popular areas: concentrate on existing trails and campsites
  • Walk in single file in the middle of the trail even when wet or muddy
  • Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent
  • In pristine areas: Avoid place where impacts are just beginning. Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails
• Respect wildlife


  • Quick movement and loud noises are stressful to animals. Travel quietly and do not pursue, feed or force animals to flee
  • Do not touch, get close to, feed or pick up wild animals. It is stressful to animals, and it may bite (rabies)
  • Observe wildlife from a distance
  • Avoid animals during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, and hibernating
  • Wear earth tone clothes, but not military outfit
  • Avoid bright colorful clothing and equipment
  • Keep your light minimal
  • Feeding wildlife can alter their diet and can exposed them to predators
• Leave what you find

  • Avoid damaging live trees and plants
  • Leave natural objects and cultural artifacts
  • Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species
  • Do not build structures, furniture or dig trenches
  • Rubberized the end of your trek poles
• Dispose of waste properly

  • Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsites and rest areas for trash or spilled foods
  • Deposit solid human waste in catholes dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet away from trail, camp, and water source. Cover and disguise the cathole when finished
  • Pack out toilet paper sand hygiene products
  • To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams, and use small amount of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater
• Minimize camp-fire impact


  • Campfires can cause lasting impact to the backcountry. Use a lightweight stove for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern for lights
  • When fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans, or mound fires
  • Keep fires small
  • Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out camp fires completely, then scatter cool ashes
• Be considerate to other visitors

  • Many people come to outdoors to listen to the nature. Excessive noise, unleashed pets and damage surroundings takes away from everyone's experience
  • Hikers and bicyclists should move off the trail to the downhill side
• Commonly visitors created impact

  • Garbage
  • Trampled vegetation
  • Trails
  • Forest fires
  • Wildlife dependence to human food
  • Vandalism
  • Contaminated water sources
  • Name carved on tress and caves
• Mountaineering


  A kind of outdoor-recreational activities that aims to reach the peak of a forest-mountain
• Also known as


  • Mountain Climbing
  • Backpacking
  • Hiking
  • Trekking
  • Camping and Living in Wilderness
• Why Do We Climb?

  • Appreciate Nature
  • Experience new environments
  • Broaden one's horizon
  • Acquire new skills and interests
  • Learn and appreciate other cultures
  • Appreciate the value of outdoor recreation
  • Gain spiritual insights
• Back Country


  Generally, means a place which there is no vehicle access, no facilities, nothing developed. You've got to get out there on your own human power, carrying everything you need, and it should be some distance from roads
• Front Country


  Is composed of outdoor areas that are easily accessible by vehicle and mostly visited by day users. Developed campgrounds are also included in the front country arena. Front country locations tend to be more crowded and attract a wider range of visitor than backcountry
• Rainforest


  A type of dense forest of evergreen trees growing in regions of heavy year-round rainfall in tropical latitudes and warm temperate latitudes. Rainforest have most complex and diverse ecosystems, and sustain the greatest concentration of biological diversity, almost half of all species of animals and plants on earth
• Values of Mountaineering


  • Self-reliance
  • Wilderness survival skills
  • Leadership and team-work
  • Environmentalism/Ecological Education
  • Helping local economy
  • Eco-Tourism
  • Outdoor fitness activity
• Mountaineer's Creed: Take nothing but picture Kill nothing but time Leave nothing but your tracks
• Hiking Group Composition


  • Team Leader
  • Lead-Man
  • Middle Man
  • Medic
  • Sweeper/Tail Man
• Normal air contains 21% oxygen
• Fuel may also contain oxygen
• Heat sources include


  • The Sun
  • Hot surfaces
  • Sparks
  • Friction
  • Electrical energy
• Fuel sources


  Can be a solid, liquid or gas
• How to build a camp fire

  1. Find or Build a Fire Ring

  2. Evaluate the site before starting a fire

  3. Gather Fire Wood
• Fire Ring


  • Campgrounds: Build fires only in designated fire rings, grills or fireplaces. Most developed campgrounds have some version of these. Using a fire ring will lesson your impact and keep your fire contained
  • Backcountry: In backcountry areas where fires are permitted, use an existing fire ring if one has been left behind
  • Clear away all flammable material from your fire pit. Ideally, the base of your fire should be sand or gravel or mineral soil. Intense heat can sterilize healthy soil, so choose your site conscientiously
• Fuel types


  • Tinder
  • Kindling
  • Firewood