CULTURE FINALS

• Political Science

  • scientific way of studying politics
• Political Science

  • deals with systems of governance and power
• Politics

  • activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules
• Politics

  • linked with the concept of conflict and cooperation
• In Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, happiness is the goal of man's activity but being happy means being virtuous
• Elements of Politics

  • Power - authority
  • Justice - equality and equity
  • Order - goal
• Power

  • ability that gives a person or an individual to make others follow a certain command
• Legitimate Power

  • individual derives authority from their position
  • power may be passed
  • example: CEO, judge
• Referent

  • ability of a person to attract others and build loyalty based on their charisma
  • influence is based on personal attraction
  • example: popular celebrity
• Coercive

  • ability of an individual to force another to comply with directives through threats or punishment
  • example: strict parenting, police authority
• Reward

  • provide incentives to encourage desired behaviors
  • example: work bonus
• Expert

  • derived from an individual's superior skills
  • example: surgeon, mentor
• Informative

  • information can serve as power
  • example: blackmailing
• Justice

  • giving what is due
• Order

  • laws regulating public behavior are observed and authority is obeyed
• Government

  • institution made of a group of people that manages a country
• Social Contract

  • agreement between the ruled and their rulers
• Executive Government

  • Law-ENFORCING body
  • CARRIES OUT the law
  • president
• Legislative Government

  • Law-MAKING body
  • MAKES LAWS
  • congress
• Judiciary Government

  • Law-INTERPRETING body
  • EVALUATES LAW
  • courts
• Oligarchy

  • power is concentrated in the hands of a small group
• Under the democratic type of government that has 3 branches that were interconnected to one another.
• Constitution serves as the guide of all the laws created or will be created under the government
• Legislatures have the authority to change laws
• Democratic government is different from other type of government there’s no such oligarchs, federal, or even a parliament.
• President can nominate any position in the supreme court even there’s no senate approval.
• The signature / verdict of the president is very important when passing a bill and becoming a law
• Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make sure the spirit of the constitution is upheld in the country and, at times, amend or change the constitution itself
• For a bill to become a bill it should be passed by both chambers in identical form and signed by the President or repassed by Congress over a presidential veto, they become laws.
• Thomas Hobbes

  • 1651 book "Leviathan"
  • "without social contract, there is no improvement to the people"
• John Locke

  • early humans must have come together as a society to overcome the "state of nature"
  • people living in the state of nature were still bound by law (Law of Nature)
• DEMOCRACY

  Demos kratos – power is with the people
• Direct democracy – people are directly involved in the government process
• Indirect democracy – representation, people elect representatives
• OLIGARCHY

            Rule of the Few
• Iron law of Oligarchy – by Robert Michels – oligarchy is inevitable in any form of government
• Monarchy

  • a system of government ruled by a single authority figure
• Federalism is a mixed form of government that combines a central government with regional governments (provincial, state, territorial, etc.).
• Communism essentially means something to "a system of sharing in common."
• COMMUNISM

  • Proponents: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
  • Aim “ classless society” and destroy Capitalism
  • Paved way to the birth of some famous dictators in the history