blood transfusion

• Blood transfusion

  A common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given to you through an intravenous line (IV)
• Blood transfusion

  • Can save your life
  • You may need it if you've lost blood from an injury or during surgery, or if you have certain medical conditions
• Blood

  • Specialized organ
  • Makes up approximately 7% to 9% of the normal body weight and amounts to 5 to 6 L of volume for men and 4 to 5 L of volume for women
  • Composed of plasma and various types of cells

  
• Blood cells

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)

  
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)

  • The normal erythrocyte is a biconcave disc that resembles a soft ball compressed between two fingers
  • Primary function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
  • Consist primarily of hemoglobin
• Leukocytes (WBCs)

  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
• Granulocytes

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
• Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
• Platelets or thrombocytes

  • Not cells
  • Play an essential role in the control of bleeding
• Plasma

  • More than 90% is water
  • The remainder consists of plasma proteins; clotting factors; and small amounts of nutrients, enzymes, waste products, and gases
• Blood types


  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O
• Type A

  Contains A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• Type B

  Has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
• Type AB

  Has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies

  
• Type O

  Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

  
• Blood type compatibility

  • Type A, O can receive
  • Type B, O can receive
  • Type AB can receive A, B, AB, O
  • Type O can only receive O
• Blood type compatibility

  • Type AB can donate to A, B, AB, O
  • Type O can donate to A, B, AB, O
• Rh factor

  • If they are present in the red blood cell, then it is considered an Rh positive
  • An Rh positive blood type can receive both positive and negative blood, while the negative blood can only receive an Rh negative one
• Blood typing

  Determines the blood type and Rh factor
• Crossmatching

  Checks for compatibility of blood
• Reasons for donor elimination

  • Hepatitis
  • HIV infection
  • Heart disease, most cancers
  • Severe asthma
  • Bleeding disorders
  • Convulsion
  • History of malaria
  • High or low blood pressure
  • Pregnant
  • Taking certain drugs
• Blood components


  • Whole blood
  • PRBC's
  • Autologous red blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Fresh frozen plasma
  • Albumin and plasma protein fraction
  • Clotting factors and cryoprecipitate

  
• Transfusion reactions

  • Rashes
  • Elevated temperature
  • Aching
  • Chills
  • Tachycardia
  • Increased RR
  • Oliguric
  • Nausea
  • Hemolytic
  • Febrile (non-hemolytic)
  • Anaphylactic
  • Septicemia
• Blood transfusion administration

  1. Obtain the blood from the blood bank just before starting the transfusion

  2. Administer blood within 4hrs

  3. Use #16 to #18 gauge IV needle or catheter

  4. Check the client's vital signs 15 minutes before the infusion