Carbohydrates

• The word carbohydrates comes from the French word hydrate de carbone, which means "hydrates of carbon".
• Saccharide comes from the greek word "sakcharon" meaning sugar. The Suffix ose is used to denote the name of a saccharide.
• Sugar, starch, and cellulose are groups of carbohydrates.
• Carbohydrates are all made up of the elements Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon.
• CO2 + H20 + energy = C6 + H12 + O6
• The three types of carbohydrates are micro molecule mono saccharide, macro molecule disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
• The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharide or the simple sugars.
• Monosaccharide are the only sugar that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
• Three common examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Glucose, also known as dextrose is the most important and abundant monosaccharide in nature.
• Glucose is found in the blood stream and provide immediate source of energy for the body cells and tissues.
• Fructose is known as fruit sugar as it is likely to be found in fruits.
• Fructose is the sweetest among all sugars. It could be also be found in the nectar of flowers, molasses, and honey.
• Galactose is different from glucose and fructose in such a way that it does not occur in nature.
• Galactose-is produced in the body, through digestion of disaccharides lactose.
• Glucose- From the Greek word for sweet wine, grape sugar, dextrose.
• Galactose- Greek word for milk- "galact", found as a component of lactose milk.
• Fructose - Latin word for fruit "frutos", also known as levulose, found in fruits.
• Disaccharides contains two monosaccharides units bound togther by a covalent bond known as glycosidic linkage
• Sucrose is the most common and abundant disaccharide , which is composed of one molecule of each of the two monosaccharides D-glucose and D fructose.
• Disaccharide molecular formula - C12O22H11
• Table sugar or sucrose, is found on beets and sugarcane.
• Maltose is also known as malt sugar while lactose is known as milk sugar.
• Disaccharide sugars cannot be directly utilized by the body unless broken down into monosaccharides.
• Sucrose- French word for sugar "sucrose", a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose, table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar.
• Lactose- Latin word for milk "lack", disaccharide found in milk containing glucose and galactose.
• Maltose- French word for "malt"; a disaccharide  containing two unts of gluctose found in germinating grains used to make beer.
• Carbohydrates that contains ten monosaccharides units or more are called polysaccharides.
• starch, glycosen, and cellulose are the common polysaccharides.
• Starch and glycogen differ in where they are stored.
• Glycogen is the stored carbonydreates in animals
• starch is the stored carbohydrates in plants.
• about two thirds of the total body's glycogen is stored in the muscle and the remaining one - third is stored in the liver.
• Polyerchandes an of two types: homopolycacchanes and heterosaccharides.
• It is a homopolysaccharide if it is formed by the same type of monosacchardes Just in the care of starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• starch, glycogen, and cellulare. There three polysaccharides are formed From hundreds of molecules of just one type of monosacchandes, and that is glucose, bonded togother through glycosidic linkage
• Callulose is another important polysaccharides. It is a major component of the plants cell wall.
• Starch - Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch. The cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats barley) as well as tubers such potatoes are rich in starch.
• Glycogen- This is the storage form of glucose in animals and human.

  which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the

  muscles
• The major component in the noic cell wall in plant is cellulose

  which is a linear

  Polysaccharide polymer with many glucose

  monosaccharides units.