health learning aim b

• nature 


  refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are-from our physical appearance to our personality charatristics
• nature examples

  • eye colour
  • feet size
  • height
  • temper
• nurture 


  refers to all the environmental varaibles that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences,how we were raised our social relationships and surrounding culture
• nurture examples

  • exam grade
  • temper
  • accent
  • hobbies
  • lung diseases
• Theorists like Bandura


  Suggest that aggression is learnt from the environment
• Observational Learning and Imitation


  • Mainly through observational learning and imitation
• Albert Bandura


  Psychologist who developed Social Learning Theory
• Albert Bandura's studies

  1. Studied children to understand how they learn from observing others

  2. Children learn by observing the actions of others and copying them (observational learning)

  3. Learnt behaviour through observing the behaviour of others e.g. pretending to talk on the phone
• Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment
• Positive Reinforcement


  The process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering a reward when the behaviour is exhibited
• The copied aggressive behaviour is rewarded with verbal praise, positive attention, even chocolate, so the children will repeat that behaviour
• In a school example, if a student puts their hand up to answer a question and the teacher rewards them with verbal praise or high fives, the student will repeat that behaviour
• Negative Reinforcement


  Occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour
• Stages of Bandura's Theory


  1. Child notices behaviour of another person, likely to be someone close to them

  2. Child internalises the action by remembering what they had observed

  3. Reproduce the behaviour

  4. Depending on the outcome (reinforcement or not), children will either repeat or desist the behaviour
• Bandura's study supports social learning theory
• Social benefits of Friends

  • Help cope with life events, especially traumatic ones
  • Help support a healthy lifestyle (e.g. encouragement)
  • Help avoid loneliness, provide a sense of belonging, self-confidence and self-worth
  • Reduce stress and depression, boost happiness
• As people get older

  Friendships take a back seat as other priorities such as home commitments, caring for children, job all of these could lead to friends growing apart
• Effects of peer pressure on Social Development


  • Between the ages of 9-18, young people's social and emotional development is closely linked to their peer groups
  • Young people become more independent, socialising outside the family and gaining more freedom
  • Peer groups play an important influence on values, views and opinions
  • Peer pressure can encourage risky behaviour, drinking, drugs etc.
• Friendships


  • Formed throughout life, but slightly different at each stage
  • Young children form relationships based on play and fall out/makeup quickly
  • Older relationships are more complex and must involve more than just friendship
• As children mature and start to think beyond their own needs, they start to see other viewpoints and are able to develop meaningful relationships
• Informal relationships


  • Develop within families and significant people in individuals' lives
  • From infancy, strong bonds are built on trust and understanding
  • Informal relationships promote self-concept and prepare adolescents and adults for developing intimate relationships that show mutual respect
• Formal relationships


  • Formed on professional relationships (e.g. teacher-student, colleagues)
  • There is no emotional attachment involved, but they are important for social development
  • They demand different skills, confidence and self-esteem
  • Children with good relationships with family and others are more likely to be successful at developing effective formal relationships
• The Development of Social Relationships

  1. Interacting with carers 0-2

  2. First Social Learning 3-8

  3. Secondary Learning 9-18

  4. Maturity 19-65

  5. Retirement 65+
• Monozygotic (identical) twins


  Share a lot of the same DNA structure
• Dizygotic (non-identical) twins

  Share 50% of the same DNA structure
• Maturation


  A genetically preprogrammed sequence of change, for the onset of the menopause
• Characteristics and differences emerge later on in life
• Nature


  The thought that everyone has a biological clock that determines when and what rate physical development will progress
• Biological factors that influence development


  • DNA blueprint
  • Development in the womb
  • Teeth development
  • Ability to hold a spoon
  • When a child learns to hold a spoon
  • When an adolescent female starts her menstrual cycle
  • Estrone
  • Testosterone
  • Melatonin
  • Endorphins
  • Oxytocin
• Susceptibility


  A range of factors that can have a negative influence on the ability for a human to cope with stress
• Addiction


  Predisposed to addiction due to underdeveloped organs
• Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  • Small head
  • Epicanthal folds
  • Underdeveloped jaw
  • Smooth philtrum
  • Short nose
  • Small eye openings
  • Low nasal bridge
• Cystic Fibrosis


  A genetic disease caused by a faulty gene inherited from both parents, resulting in a buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the body's tubes and passageways
• Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis


  • Recurring chest infections
  • Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and damage to the airways
  • Difficulty putting on weight and growing
  • Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice)
  • Diarrhoea, constipation or large, smelly poo
  • Bowel obstructions in newborn babies
• Diagnosing Cystic Fibrosis

  1. Sweat test to measure the amount of salt in the sweat

  2. Blood or saliva sample checked for a faulty gene
• Managing Cystic Fibrosis

  Using mucus-thinning drugs such as hypertonic saline
• Authoritative Parenting


  • Parents are not overly strict; children are brought up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
  • Children in these households are often more resilient and conform more easily to social norms of society
• Authoritarian Parenting


  Parents have high expectations, overwhelming their children with strict rules and regulations
• Cancer


  • Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells caused by genetic mutation
  • Benign tumor that does not invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body
  • Malignant tumor that may invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body
• Most cancers are attributed to environmental and lifestyle factors