RWS

• Hypertext


  Beyond the text, non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using "links"
• Hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson


  1963
• Hypertext


  • It makes a dynamic organization of information possible through links and connections called hyperlink
  • Readers can EASILY ACCESS more information about the topic
• World Wide Web (WWW)


  Global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet
• Hypermedia


  Links that incorporate other forms of multimedia such as images, audio, and videos
• Intertext


  Method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text
• Intertext was coined by Julia Kristeva


  1960
• Four specific methods

  • Retelling
  • Quotation
  • Allusion
  • Pastiche
• Retelling


  Restatement of a story or re-expression of narrative
• Quotation


  Directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author has made
• Allusion


  Pertains to an idea or passage found in another text without the use of quotation
• Pastiche


  Copies the style of another text without making fun of it like in a parody
• Critical reading


  Necessary for judging the text's reliability through the study of implicit and explicit information
• Whenever you read something and you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof, and question assumptions, you are thinking critically
• Critical reading goes beyond passively understanding a text because you process the author's words and make judgments after carefully considering the reading's message
• Why should we read critically?

  Critical reading allows you to enter into a dialogue with the author and this deepens your understanding of the issue or topic discussed
• Steps used in critical reading as reasoning

  • Identifying assertions
  • Formulating a counterclaim
  • Determining evidence
• Explicit


  Information that is stated or found in the text, the text's clear or obvious meaning—no need to explain
• Implicit


  Information that is being suggested through the text's details, which serves as a clue to get the right meaning of the text, needs analysis or deep thinking
• Types of claims


  • Claims of fact
  • Claims of value
  • Claims of policy
• Claims of fact


  Existence of something, definition or classification, facts as rooted in history or science
• Claims of value


  Assertions about taste & morals, good-bad, based on certain standards or preferences
• Claims of policy


  Assertions about action, should or ought, usually involves sub-claims of fact and value
• Evaluative statement


  A statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences, presents the strengths and weaknesses of something based on a set of criteria which needs to be factual, substantial, and unbiased
• Identifying assertions


  Becoming a good critical reader means that you are able to logically evaluate the claims of the writer, assertions are declarative sentences that affirm something is true about something else
• Four types of assertions

  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Fact


  A statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research
• Convention


  A way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms, depends on historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs
• Opinion


  Based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness
• Preference


  Based on personal choice, subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked
• Identifying counterclaims


  Claims made to rebut a previous claim, provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument
• Four elements of argument

  • Claim
  • Counterclaim
  • Reason
  • Evidence
• Claim


  A statement that asserts facts based on one's understanding about a particular topic or issue
• Counterclaim


  The opposite of a claim, a statement that contradicts one's claim and is usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidences
• Reason


  The part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party's claim
• Evidence


  The statement that proves the truth of a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of an argument
• Textual evidence is defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims.
• Evidences are details that strengthen, add variety or weight to any argument.
• paraphrasing or restating the text in your own words
• summarizing or stating in a shorter way the text and other relevant details to support the idea