2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• In all the spontaneous processes, the entropy of the universe increases.
• The second law of thermodynamics states that whenever energy is remodeled, there's a loss of energy through the discharge of heat.

  
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.

  
• Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot


  • He is considered the "father of thermodynamics", responsible for the origins of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, as well as various other concepts
  • He came to realize that some caloric is always lost in the motion cycle, proving that irreversibility is the result of every system involving work
• Rudolf Clausius


  • He developed the Clausius statement, which says "Heat generally cannot flow spontaneously from a material at a lower temperature to a material at a higher temperature."

  
• William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)


  • He formulated the Kelvin statement, which states "It is impossible to convert heat completely in a cyclic process."
• Constantin Carathéodory


  • He created his own statement of the second low arguing that "In the neighborhood of any initial state, there are states which cannot be approached arbitrarily close through adiabatic changes of state."
• When the entropy decreases and enthalpy increases


  The free energy change, ΔG is positive and not spontaneous

  
• When the entropy and enthalpy both increase or both decrease

  Temperature comes into play to determine if the reaction is spontaneous or not

  
• All spontaneous reactions increase entropy
• Entropy is the measure of chaos and disorder
• Spontaneous process occurs without outside intervention
• The second law of thermodynamics state that the state of entropy in the entire universe, in an isolated system, will always increase over time.
• Increase in entropy means more randomness and less organization