Lesson 9: Standard Styles in Related Literature

• Three terms used to express Appreciation of Borrowed Ideas

  1. Acknowledgment
  2. References or Bibliography
  3. Citation or In-text citation
• Three terms to express Appreciation of Borrowed Ideas

  Acknowledgement - Identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper. It can be anyone from your loved ones, to your co-author, or to patrons who donated for your works.
• Three terms to express Appreciation of Borrowed Ideas

  References or Bibliography - A complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. From where were borrowed ideas came from. When doing research this is found on the bibliography and the RRL.
• Three terms of express Appreciation of Borrowed Ideas

  Citation or In-text citation - References within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of related literature.
• Styles of Citation

  1. Integral Citation
  2. Non-Integral Citation
• Styles of Citation

  Integral Citation - This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work. You do this by using verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author’s idea. Using these type of verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental position, attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information referred to.
• Styles of Citation

  Non-Integral Citation - This style downplays strength of the writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
• Patterns of Citation

  1. Summary
  2. Paraphrase
  3. Short Direct Quotation
  4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract
  5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting
• Patterns of Citation

  Summary - The code of ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people from different cultural background can harmoniously relate themselves with one another.
• Patterns of Citation

  Paraphrase - This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you, with your own opinions and interpretation, whilst maintaining the original meaning of the text.
• Patterns of Citation

  Short Direct Quotation - Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.
• Patterns of Citation

  Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract - This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words.
• Two Basic Methods of Referencing

  1. APA (American Psychological Association)
  2. MLA (Modern Language Association)
• Patterns of Citation

  Tense of Verbs for Reporting - Active verbs are effective to use in reporting author’s ideas.
• Plagiarism - It is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words.