Eng2 MIDTERMS

• Speaking


  An interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving, and processing information
• Elements of the Speaking Process

  • Voice Quality
  • Pitch
  • Force/Intensity
  • Rate of Speech
  • Organs of Speech
• Voice Quality


  • Normal Voice
  • Breathy Voice
  • Full Voice
  • Chesty Voice
  • Thin Voice
• Pitch


  Determined by the tension applied to the tone-producing mechanism of our body (vocal chords)
• Force/Intensity


  Refers to the effect of the voice as perceived by the listener: Loudness or Softness
• Rate of Speech


  Refers to the speed of a person's speech. Rate usually varies depending on the emotion of the speaker
• Organs of Speech


  • Lips
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Uvula
  • Glottis
  • Alveolar Ridge
  • Hard Palate
  • Velum (soft palate)

  
• The Sounds of English

  • Vowels
  • Consonants
  • Diphthongs
• Vowel Sounds


  • Shape of the Lips – rounding or spreading
  • Tongue Position – high, middle, or low
  • Tongue Tension - tensed or lax
  • Length of Vowel – long or short
• Sound Characteristics


  • Voiced – vocal cords vibrate
  • Voiceless – vocal cords do not vibrate
  • Aspirated - the air is blocked and is released with a puff
• Manner of Articulation


  • Stops/Plosives – complete stopping of the airstream
  • Fricative – almost blocking the airstream and pushing the air through a narrow opening
  • Affricate – brief stopping followed by an obstructed release
  • Nasal – lowering of velum and following the airstream to flow out through the nose to produce nasal sound
  • Glides – stopping of air stream at the glottis
  • Nasal – lowering of velum and following the airstream to flow out through the nose to produce nasal sound
  • Lateral – passage of the air stream by the sides of the tongue
• Place of Articulation


  • Bilabial – upper and lower lip
  • Labio-dental – lower lip and upper front teeth
  • Lingua-alveolar – tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge
  • Lingua-palatal – blade of the tongue raised against the hard palate
  • Lingua-velar – back of the tongue raised against/touching the soft palate
  • Glottal – closing the glottis and opening of the vocal cords

  
• The Speech Process


  • Respiration
  • Phonation
  • Resonation
  • Articulation
• Stress


  The relative EMPHASIS that may be given to certain syllables in a word or to certain words in a phrase or sentence