R&W MIDTERMS

• PHONEMIC AWARENESS – being familiar with the sound of the language.
• PHONICS – drawing out the relationship between the symbol and the sound.
• GRAMMATICAL AWARENESS - understanding how words are put together to form sentences
• FLUENCY – the ability to blend and mix the sounds to form a meaningful utterance.
• VOCABULARY – the ability to attach meaning to words.
• COMPREHENSION – the ability to create and decode meanings from a group of words.
• STAGE 0 - pre-reading stage (kinder), phonemic awareness.
• STAGE 1 – initial decoding (1st grade), phonics.
• STAGE 2 – fluency (2nd/3rd grade).
• STAGE 3 – reading for meaning (4th grade), vocabulary.
• STAGE 4 – relationships and viewpoints (high school), comprehension
• STAGE 5 – synthesis (university), comprehension.
• DECODING PROCESS – a breaking of visual/written codes.
• COMPREHENSION PROCESS – reading for meaning.
• Reading exposes readers to expound on their vocabulary.
• Reading improves critical thinking skills.
• Lack of motivation and concentration are one of the barriers to reading.
• Schema represents concepts that are stored in memory, AKA prior knowledge.
• THE 3 TYPES OF SCHEMA

  
  

  1. Content
  2. Formal
  3. Linguistics
• CONTEXT CLUES – hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word.
• LITERAL COMPREHENSION - Questions that can be answered by simply reading the words.
• INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION - Reader “reads between the lines”.
• INDUCTIVE THINKING - puts parts together in order to come up with a generalization.
• DEDUCTIVE THINKING - breaks down things to parts.
• REASONING - It is the reason or cause in order to explain or justify something.
• Reading is a reflection of a person’s way of thinking.
• CRITICAL READING - assesses the strength of the evidence and the argument.
• DEDCUTIVE OR INDUCTIVE

  You should always look at the 1st sentence of the scenario.
• LOGICAL FALLACIES - invalid or faulty reasoning
• 4 TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLICIES

  1. Ad Hominem
  2. Appeal to Force
  3. Appeal to Number
  4. Appeal to Pity
• Ad Hominem - attacking someone's character instead of addressing their arguments
• APPEAL TO FORCE - using force, violence, or threat to prove an idea
• APPEAL TO NUMBER - appealing to popularity as proof that something is true
• JEANNE CHALL – proposed five skills that a student must have.