Heat lesson: defining heat / Method of heat transfers

• All matter is composed of atoms and molecules that constantly moves and vibrates.
• Solids are composed of closely packed particles
• Solid particles have limited space to move, they simply vibrate in their own positions.
• Liquids have more loosely packed particles than solids.
• The arrangement of liquids enables the particles to move within the liquid but they are still close enough to maintain its volume.
• The Gas particles are free to move due to the large spaces between each particle.
• Gases can expand indefinitely when placed in a wide space.
• Since all matter is composed of particles in constant motion or vibration, these particles also possess kinetic energy.
• The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a material is called temperature.
• Temperature is also expressed in a specific unit or degree scale.
• objects with high temperatures contain particles with large average kinetic energy.
• thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of an object.
• The most common thermometer observed today in the laboratory is the alcohol-in-glass thermometer.
• Both thermometers have a specific mass of liquid in a glass tube which rises when the temperature is increased.
• The temperature measured by a thermometer is always expressed using a specific scale.
• The two common temperature scales used in different types of thermometers are Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale.
• The Celsius scale is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius who first suggested it.
• Celsius is referred as centigrade scale or centigrade thermometer.
• Celcius scale have 100 divisions separating the normal freezing point and the normal boiling point of water.
• Celcius scale is one of the temperature scales used in almost all countries.
• The Fahrenheit temperature scale is commonly used in English-speaking countries such as the United States.
• Fahrenheit was named after the German physicist Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit.
• Fahrenheit scale have 180 divisions between the normal freezing and normal boiling point of water.
• The freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit scale is 32°F while its boiling point is 212°F.
• Kelvin scale is calibrated rather based on the energy itself.
• kelvin scale is also referred to as the lowest possible temperature that can occur in nature.
• thermometer measures its own temperature. To fully explain this, the terms thermal contact and thermal equilibrium should be understood first.
• Thermal contact occurs when two objects can exchange thermal energy between them.
• thermal equilibrium takes place when two objects reach the same temperature
• Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hot object to a cold object.
• Heat is only present when there is a temperature difference between objects.
• Once there is no temperature difference, the two objects already reach thermal equilibrium.
• Heat also cannot be contained by an object or any matter. It is the thermal energy that the object contains and not heat.
• one calorie is equivalent to 4.186 J.
• Heat is the energy in transit between objects that are in thermal contact.
• Heat transfers from a warmer object to a colder object until such time that they achieve thermal equilibrium, a condition wherein their temperatures are equal.
• The materials become hot because of conduction.
• A cloth or potholder is needed to protect your hand from being burned
• Conduction is the transfer of heat from one location to another through the successive collisions of electrons and atoms of the material.
• In conduction, only the particles or the molecules move and not the material itself.