Class differences

• Alternative responses to labelling and streaming

  • Ingratiation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
• 'Nike' identity


  Working-class pupils seeking alternative ways of creating self-worth, status and value through styles and brand clothing
• External class factors

  • Capital
  • Material deprivation
  • Cultural deprivation
• Internal class factors

  • Labelling
  • Self fulfilling prohecy
  • StreamIng
  • Pupil class identities
  • Pupil subculture
• internal class - labelling

  Becker - teachers would label. pupils based of how close they are to ideal pupil

  eval - determnistic and teachers agency
• internal class - self fufilling prophecy

  rosthenhal and Jackson study

  eval - deterministic fuler balck girls comprehensive school
• internal class - streaming

  gilborn and youdell - use steryotypical notions of ability to stream pupils found that teachers saw that black WC are less likely to have the ability to

  eval - allows lower ability students to be supported
• class internal - pupil subculture


  Colin Lacey - differntation and polarization

  eval - not all students conform
• class internal - pupil class identies

  Archer - WC pupil base success on their appearance to create self worth nike identity

  Bourdieu - ( habitus ) ways of thinking shared by a social group school place mc at a higher value

  Eval - theres a pic and mix culture in school

  mc have the power to set the habitus of the school
• External class - material deprivation

  • Housing and health
  • Cost of education
• housing and health

  Howard - poorer families > poorer diet > lack of energy > higher absenteeism rate

  Wilkinson - higher rates of hyperactivity and adhd amongst 10 year olds are from a lower income households leads to issues with education
• costs of education

  smith and Nobel - WC are at disadvantage because they can’t pay for school tuitions

  tanner - cost of transport , uniform and equipment place a heavy burden

  ridge - WC pupil need to work and study at the same time
• Class external - cultural deprivation

  douglas - WC parents place less value on education therefore the children will have less motivation

  Bernstein - restricted and elaborated code

  sugarman - fatalism, collectivism, immediate and deffered gratification
• class external - capital

  bourdieu - cultural, economic and educational capital

  Alice Sullivan - questionnaires 465 pupils across schools students who showed greater cultural capital were children of graduates
• class external - evaluation

  keddie - myth of cultural deprivation

  Troyna and Williams - not the child language but schools attidues torwards it

  blackstone and Mortimore - WC parents are interested but they work more longer and irregular house so might not have time to go. to parents evenings