Biommolecules

• Carbohydrates


  Give the body energy, best source of fuel for the body
• Classification of carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides

  • Simplest sugars (C6H12O6), Glucose (Blood Sugar), Fructose (Fruit Sugar), Galactose (Found in milk with glucose)
• Disaccharides


  • Made up of two monosaccharides (C12H22O11), Maltose (Malt Sugar), Lactose (Milk Sugar), Sucrose (Table Sugar)
• Polysaccharides


  • Composed of long chain monosaccharides (C6H10O5)(n), Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
• Starch

  Used for storage in plants, provide quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen

  Used for energy storage in animals, stored in the liver and muscles
• Cellulose

  Found in plants, in cell walls, and barks of trees, gives us fibers
• Chitin


  Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• To know if a food has added sugar, check the Food Label: Total Carbohydrate (g), Dietary Fiber, Sugars, Other Carbohydrates (Complex), List of ingredients: sugar, brown sugar, juice, fruit juices, molasses, honey, syrup, malted corn sweetener, corn syrup, maltose, fructose, lactose, glucose, dextrose
• If we eat more carbohydrates than are needed for energy, the extra is stored in the liver or in the tissues as fat
• Functions of lipids


  • Long-term energy storage, providing 9 kilocalories of energy per gram
  • Cushioning of vital organs
  • Important role in plasma membrane structure - polar (head) hydrophilic and nonpolar (tail) hydrophobic
  • Serve as insulators, more lipids in the body can keep themselves warm, thick fat layers as their form of adaptation to the freezing temperature
  • Serve as precursor for important reproductive hormones
• Types of lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
• Sex hormones


  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone and Estrogen (Estradiol)
  • Cortisol
• Proteins


  Large group of biomolecules that consists of long chains of building block of molecules called "Amino Acids", derived from Greek word "proteios" which means "of first importance"
• Types of proteins


  • Fibrous proteins
  • Globular proteins
• Amino acids: Ala- Leu- Val- Met- Gly- Ser- Asn- Phe- Trp
• Levels of protein structure
• Proteolysis occurs in the duodenum
• Nucleic acid


  A naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the primary information carrying molecule in cell and make up genetic material
• Types of nucleic acid

  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Calories per gram: Fat: 1 gram = 9 calories, Carbohydrates: 1 gram = 4 calories, Protein: 1 gram = 4 calories