Human Anatomy Final

• Olfactory neurons reach the olfactory bulb by projecting through perforations in the cribriform plate. In what bone of the skull is the cribriform plate found?

  a.     Sphenoid bone

  b.    Ethmoid bone

  c.     Frontal bone

  d.    Occipital bone

  B. Ethmoid bone
• 1.     Which of the following include physiological responses caused by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system pathways? (Select all that apply)

  a.     Bladder relaxation (restricted output)

  b.    Constricted pupils

  c.     Decreased heartrate

  d.    Decreased activity of the digestive system

  e.     Increased secretion of sweat

  f.      Constriction of the airways

  A.Bladder relaxation (restricted output). D. decreased activity of the digestive system. E. Increased secretion of sweat.
• POST-ganglionic sympathetic neurons have cell bodies that originate in what structure?

  a.     Intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC)

  b.    Dorsal root ganglion

  c.     Ventral root

  d.    Sympathetic ganglion

  d. Sympathetic ganglion
• What autonomic neuron cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral cell columns (IMLCC) of the spinal cord?

  a.     Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

  b.    Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

  c.     Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

  d.    Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

  C. pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
• Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released by what neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System?

  a.     Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

  b.    Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

  c.     Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

  d.    Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

  c. post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
• Consider the pupillary light reflex. How would you describe this reflex?

  a.     Parasympathetic autonomic reflex

  b.    Sympathetic autonomic reflex

  c.     Somatic reflex

  a.Parasympathetic autonomic reflex
• For parasympathetic innervation, describe the relative length of pre- and post-ganglionic neurons:

  a.     Short pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic neurons

  b.    Short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic neurons

  c.     Long pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic neuronss

  d.    Long pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic neurons

  d.long pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic neurons
• Which of the 4 special sense pathways terminates in the occipital lobe of the brain?

  a.     Olfactory pathway

  b.    Gustatory pathway

  c.     Visual pathway

  d.    Auditory pathway

  c.visual pathway
• Which of the following hormones is produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland?

  a.     Oxytocin (OT)

  b.    Growth hormone (GH)

  c.     Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

  d.    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  b. Growth Hormone
• Which of the following could be a consequence of consistently HIGH parathyroid hormone (PTH) release?

  a.     High concentration of calcium in the urine

  b.    Decreased calcium uptake in the intestines

  c.     Weak bones with tendency to fracture

  c. Weak bones with tendency to fracture
• Which division of the adrenal glands plays a role in the sympathetic “fight or flight” response?

  a.     Adrenal cortex

  b.    Adrenal medulla

  b. Adrenal Medulla
• Which of the pancreatic cell types produces and secretes glucagon?

  a.     Alpha cells

  b.    Beta cells

  c.     Delta cells

  d.    PP cells

  a.alpha cells
• Describe the action of the liver in response to pancreatic release of glucagon into the bloodstream.

  a.     Increased conversion of glycogen into glucose

  b.    Increased glycogen storage

  c.     Increased use of glucose in cellular respiration

  a.Increased conversion of glycogen into glucose
• Which of the following is a PRIMARY lymphoid organ?

  a.     Lymph node

  b.    Spleen

  c.     Thymus gland

  d.    Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

  c.Thymus Gland
• Which of the following cells stems from the myeloid lineage?

  a.     Natural killer (NK) cell

  b.    Erythrocyte

  c.     B lymphocyte

  d.    T lymphocyte

  b.Erythrocyte
• Which of the following cell types is NOT a granulocyte?

  a.     Neutrophil

  b.    Basophil

  c.     Monocyte

  d.    Eosinophil

  c. Monocyte
• The “buffy coat” in a centrifuged whole blood sample contains what components of blood?

  a.     Erythrocytes

  b.    Water, proteins, and electrolytes

  c.     Leukocytes and platelets

  c.Leukocytes and platelets
• One of your patients is undergoing surgery, and donated blood is collected for emergency transfusion in the event of unexpected blood loss. If your patient has a B+ blood type, which of the following types could be a potential donor?

  a.     AB+

  b.    A+

  c.     A-

  d.    B-

  d. B-
• Blood from the pulmonary veins enters what structure next in the flow of blood?

  a.     Right atrium

  b.    Right ventricle

  c.     Left atrium

  d.    Left ventricle

  c.Left atrium
• Which of the following vessels carries blood to supply the head and its structures with oxygen?

  a.     Subclavian artery

  b.    Femoral artery

  c.     Brachial artery

  d.    Common carotid artery

  d.common carotid artery
• Which of the following veins collects drained blood from the entire lower body?

  a.     Femoral vein

  b.    Great saphenous vein

  c.     Jugular vein

  d.    Inferior vena cava

  d.Inferior vena cava
• The heart is perfused (supplied with oxygenated blood) via the coronary arteries during what part of the cardiac cycle?

  a.     Systole

  b.    Diastole

  b.Diastole
• A patient with mitral regurgitation may present with a heart murmur. Which of the two heart sounds will be abnormal in the case of mitral regurgitation?

  a.     S1 “lub”

  b.    S2 “dub”

  a.S1 "lub"
• Which of the following muscles contracts in forced expiration?

  a.     Scalenes

  b.    Sternocleidomastoid

  c.     Diaphragm

  d.    External abdominal oblique

  d.External abdominal oblique
• Which of the following respiratory volumes represents the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled?

  a.     Tidal volume (TV)

  b.    Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

  c.     Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

  d.    Residual volume (RV)

  c.Expiratory reverse volume (ERV)
• What is the primary enzymatic component in saliva?

  a.     Lactase

  b.    Amylase

  c.     Lipase

  d.    Maltase

  b.Amylase
• Mastication can be categorized under which of the six fundamental activities of digestion?

  a.     Ingestion

  b.    Propulsion

  c.     Mechanical digestion

  d.    Chemical digestion

  e.     Absorption

  f.      Defecation

  C.Mechanical digestion
• Which of the following muscles is the primary muscle for clenching the jaw?

  a.     Masseter

  b.    Temporalis

  c.     Lateral pterygoid

  d.    Medial pterygoid

  a.Masseter
• Which division of the stomach functions as “extra space” to collect gases that are released during digestion?

  a.     Cardia

  b.    Fundus

  c.     Body

  d.    Antrum

  e.     Pylorus

  b.Fundus
• In which of the following mucosal layers of the gastrointestinal tract would you find lymphoid-associated tissues?

  a.     Epithelium

  b.    Lamina propria

  c.     Muscularis mucosa

  d.    Serosa

  b.Lamina propria
• Which of the following structures is ONLY found in the small intestine?

  a.     Taenia coli

  b.    Goblet cells

  c.     Plicae circulares

  d.    Epiploic appendages

  c. Plicae circulares
• Which of the following cells is found in the liver and plays a major role in phagocytosis of invading pathogens?

  a.     Chief cell

  b.    Kupffer’s cell

  c.     Paneth cell

  d.    Parietal cell

  b.Kupffer;s cell
• Which of the following hormones triggers the release of bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas?

  a.     Gastrin

  b.    Cholecystokinin

  c.     Secretin

  d.    Insulin

  c.Secretin
• Which of the following folds of the peritoneum adheres the small intestine to the anterior abdominal wall?

  a.     Greater omentum

  b.    Lesser omentum

  c.     Falciform ligament

  d.    Mesentery

  e.     Mesocolon

  d.Mesentery
• Is the following reaction an example of an anabolic reaction or a catabolic reaction? 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2            

  a.     Anabolic

  b.    Catabolic

  a.Anabolic
• What are the specific roles of insulin in glucose metabolism? (Select TWO).

  a.     Decrease the activity of glucokinase

  b.    Increase the activity of glucokinase

  c.     Promote glucose transport across the cell membrane (into the cell)

  d.    Inhibit glucose transport across the cell membrane (into the cell)

  e.     Increase blood glucose levels

  b. Increase the activity of glucokinase, C. Promote glucose transport across the cell membrane (into the cell)
• In the absence of oxygen, which of the following metabolic reactions could still occur?

  a.     Glycolysis

  b.    Citric acid cycle

  c.     Electron transport chain

  a.Glycolysis
• What main product of glycolysis, converted to acetyl-CoA, is the primary input for the Citric Acid Cycle?

  a.     Carbon dioxide

  b.    Glucose-6-phosphate

  c.     Pyruvate

  d.    ADP

  c.Pyruvate
• Which of the following arteries directly enters the glomerulus of the nephron?

  a.     Arcuate artery

  b.    Afferent arteriole

  c.     Efferent arteriole

  d.    Cortical artery

  b.Afferent arteriole
• In which of the following portions of the nephron is water reabsorbed from the ductal system back into the blood?

  a.     Proximal convoluted tubule

  b.    Loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

  c.     Distal convoluted tubule

  d.    Collecting duct

  b.Loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)