Geography

• Lines of weakness such as faults occur in headlands
• Abrasion and Hydraulic action erode the fault to form a cave
• The cave is widened and deepened. The sea cuts through to form an arch.
• The sea erodes the foot of the arch and it widens it.
• The roof of the arch becomes too heavy and collapses.
• Part of the former cliff is now isolated as a stack.
• Over time the stack is undercut and collapses.
• A stump is the remains of the eroded stack.
• Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps
• the Richter scale measures how bad the earthquake was.
• Sedimentary, Metamorphic and Igneous Rock