Cities and Urban use

• African City Model

  model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism

  
• Bid rent theory

  geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

  
• Blockbusting

  A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

  
• Boomburbs

  rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

  
• Brownfields

  contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded; a property which has the presence or potential to be a hazardous waste, pollutant or contaminant.

  
• Burgess Concentric Zone Model

  A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

  
• Census data

  Geospatial data collected through the quantification of a population

  
• Christaller's Central Place Theory

  A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

  
• Disamenity Zones

  areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs

  
• Edge City

  a term introduced by the American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the CBD toward a new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas and modern buildings (less than 30yrs old)

  
• Environmental injustice

  environmental justice= fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies; injustice= inadequate access to healthy food, inadequate transportation, air and water pollution, and unsafe homes

  
• Exurb

  outside the typically denser inner suburban area of a metropolitan area, which has an economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth

  
• Farmland Protection Policy Act (1981)

  Policies enacted by governments that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use. Uses zoning to identify areas of agricultural land use
• Field Narrative

  An account of someone when surveying them about their city. Can be biased as it is an experience.

  
• field study

  The study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places

  
• Galactic City Model

  mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

  
• Gentrification

  A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

  
• Globalization

  Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

  
• Gravity Model

  A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

  
• Greenbelt

  a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area (common in Europe). Density will remain higher inside the city when sprawl is not allowed to continue indefinitely.

  
• Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

  A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

  
• Historical character

  remnants of past are preserved like old architecture and cobblestone roads (Europe cities)

  
• Housing Affordability

  a consequence of gentrification isincreased housing pricesin the central city aslower-income residents are displaced

  • teardowns can affect home value as it increases tax revenue for the city and the average household income of the neighborhood
• housing discrimination

  The illegal practice of denying an individual or group the right to buy or rent a home based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability or family status; During the postwar suburban boom, federal agencies continued to insure mortgages that barred resale of houses to non-whites, thereby financing housing segregation.

  
• Hoyt Sector Model

  A model of the internal structure of a city in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the CBD.

  
• Inclusionary Zoning

  Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families.

  
• Infilling

  process of developing vacant or under-used parcels within existing urban areas that are already largely developed.

  
• infrastructure

  the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

  
• Land Tenure System

  Establishes public authority and private rights related to land; determines who can use what resources for how long, and under what conditions.
• Latin American City Model

  Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

  
• Megacities

  cities with more than 10 million people

  
• Metacities

  cities with populations over 20 million; also called hypercities

  
• Mixed Land Use

  More than one type of zoning, such as a condominium that has residential and commercial units.

  
• New Urbanism

  A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

  
• Periphery

  usually the lesser developed part of a town or region, that is usually located at the edge of the cities/regions and far away from the developed, more "sophisticated" and often beautiful city/regional centre.
• Primate City

  The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
• Qualitative Data

  Data often collected through interviews, observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.

  
• Quantitative Data

  Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.

  
• rank-size rule

  A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
• Redevelopment

  The renovation and improvement of areas that were previously run down.