infections etc.

• what are pathogens?

  microorganism that muse diseases
• what are bacterias?

  single cell living organisms
• how do bacterias reproduce?

  split into 2
• what do viruses do?

  invade cells and damage them
• name 2 bacterial diseases

  1. salmonella
  2. gonorrhea
• what are some symptoms of gonorrhea?

  pain when peeing and unexpected bleeding
• what are some symptoms of salmonella?

  fever and diarrhea
• what are some fungal diseases?

  1. rose black spot
  2. malaria
• what are rose black spot symptoms?

  1. purple or blank spots on leaves
  2. affect growth due to photosynthesis reduction
• what are some malaria symptoms?

  1. headache
  2. recurrent fever
• what are some human defense responses?

  1. eyes: tear production containing enzymes
  2. nose: hairs produce mucus to trap pathogens
  3. stomach: HCL (acid) kills pathogens
  4. skin: acts as a barrier and produces sweat (acid)
• what do white blood cells produce once a pathogen enters the body?

  1. antibodies
  2. antitoxins
• what’s the process where white blood cells engulf the pathogen/s?

  phagocytosis
• how do white blood cells kill pathogens?

  1. (t) track them down, (b) bind and (e) engulf
• what are antitoxins?

  small molecules that bind and cancel out any toxins causing damage to the body
• what are antibodies?

  small proteins that act as signals to the body

  • each antibody is specific for each antigen
• how does the body prevent catching the same pathogen again?

  builds immunity towards it
• what’s a vaccination?

  dead or weak viruses of a pathogen injected into the body
• why does the body still react to the vaccination? (weakened virus)

  contains antigen and builds immunity
• what’s the process of testing for painkillers during the development?

  1. efficiency (how well it works)
  2. toxicity (side effects)
  3. dosage (the amount of concentration needed to work)
• what’s aspirin made out of?

  willow tree
• what’s stage 1 of new medical development? (e.g painkillers)

  1. (pre-clinical) tested on human cells and tissues grown in lab
• what is the positive and negative of stage 1 (preclinical)?

  1. (pos) cheap and easily test lots substances
  2. (neg) doesn’t how it’d affect the entire organism
• what’s stage 2 of medical development?

  1. (preclinical) tested on live animals e.g mice or rabbits
  2. displays the efficiency and/or toxicity of the drug
• what’s the stage 3 of medical development?

  1. clinical trials
  2. give drugs to healthy volunteers with a low dosage
  3. slowly increase the dosage and keep an eye out for side effects
  4. if test is passed, give drugs to a suffering person with the optimum dosage for maximized efficiency
• why are nitrate ions needed?

  for plant growth + make proteins
• how can an infected plant spread to a healthy plant?

  through soil or air
• what type of a pathogen causes malaria?

  priotist