MENDELIAN PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE

• Phenotypes are observable characteristics, while genotypes refer to the specific combinations of genes inherited from parents.
• Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when present in heterozygous form.
• Each gene is located on a specific chromosome within the nucleus of cells.
• Genes determine traits, which can be inherited from parents to offspring through reproduction.
• The Law of Segregation states that each individual has two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, which segregate during gamete formation.
• Homozygosity occurs when both alleles of a gene pair are identical, while heterozygosity occurs when they differ.
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one copy contributed by each parent during fertilization.
• Recessive alleles only express themselves if they occur twice (homozygous) or once (heterozygous).
• Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that can be passed down through generations.
• Dominant alleles express themselves even if only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to be expressed.
• Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles.
• Punnett squares can predict the probability of inheriting specific genotypes based on the genotype of the parents.
• Phenotype describes the physical characteristics of an organism resulting from the expression of its genotype.
• Mendel's first law, also known as the Law of Segregation, explains how alleles separate into different gametes during reproduction.
• The Punnett square method involves crossing over an individual's phenotype with all possible combinations of their parents' genotypes.
• Mendel's first law, also known as the Law of Segregation, explains how genetic information is passed down from generation to generation.
• Sex-linked inheritance refers to genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y) and their effects on phenotype.
• In humans, there are four possible genotypes for a single locus with two alleles: AA, Aa, aA, and aa.
• Dominant alleles always express themselves regardless of whether they appear alone or paired with another allele.
• Genetic testing can determine whether someone has inherited a particular trait from their parents.
• Inherited traits are determined by genes, which are segments of DNA found within cells.
• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, including both dominant and recessive alleles.
• Incomplete dominance occurs when neither parental trait completely masks the other, leading to a blended intermediate phenotype.
• Co-dominance refers to situations where both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
• Incomplete dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed but not fully, leading to intermediate traits between dominant and recessive expressions.
• Co-dominance refers to two alleles that are equally expressed in the phenotype.
• Multiple allele inheritance occurs when more than two alleles exist at a locus.
• Alleles can be dominant or recessive, where one version masks the other.
• Dominant traits appear in both heterozygous and homozygous forms, while recessive traits only appear in homozygous form.
• Recessive alleles only express themselves when both copies of a gene are recessive.
• Mendel's first law (the Law of Segregation) states that during gamete formation, one copy of each gene segregates into each gamete, resulting in equal representation of all alleles in offspring.
• The genotypes of offspring produced through sexual reproduction depend on the genotypes of their parents.
• These conditions include no mutation, random mating, large population size, no gene flow, and no natural selection.
• Phenotype is the observable characteristics that result from the interaction between an organism's genotype and environment.
• Homozygous individuals have both copies of a gene identical, while heterozygous individuals have different versions of the same gene.
• The genotypic ratio is determined by calculating the probability of inheriting specific combinations of alleles from parents with known genotypes.
• Punnett squares are used to predict the possible outcomes of genetic crosses based on Mendelian principles.
• Mendelian inheritance is based on the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
• The genotypes of parents determine their offspring's possible genotypes through Mendelian inheritance principles.
• Punnett squares allow us to predict the probability of inheriting specific characteristics based on parental genotypes.