DRRR

• Disaster


  A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread humans material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its resources (United Nations Office of Disaster Risk Reduction; UNDRR)
• Concept of disaster


  Serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread humans material, economic or environmental losses and impacts
• Nature of disaster


  • Disasters are inherently unexpected or can come quickly with little or no warning
  • Disasters (both man-made and natural events) can cause widespread injuries, death and property damage
• Characteristics of a disaster

  • Knows no political boundary (walang pinipili)
  • Requires restructured and new responding organizations (existing organizations can no longer accommodate)
  • Creates new task and requires more people as disaster responders (volunteers)
  • Worsen confusion in understanding roles of people and organization (miscommunication)
  • Renders inutile routine emergency response equipment and facilities (panic of orgs causes useless routines)
  • Exposes lack of disaster planning, response and coordination
• Impact of disaster


  • Medical Effects - Traumatic injuries, emotional stress, epidemic and indigenous diseases
  • Damage to Facilities - Damage to buildings and infrastructures
  • Disruption of Transportation - Broken bridges and roads, impassable streets caused by landslides or floods
  • Economic Impact - Normal business operations and other economic activities are curtailed
  • Global Environmental Change - Increasing evidence of global climate change, Consequences are hard to predict as disasters cannot be ruled out
  • Social and Political Impacts - Large segment of the population in developing countries consist of poor, who are the most vulnerable whenever a disaster strikes
• Devastating impacts of natural disaster

  • Exposure - the amount of natural hazards an area is exposed to
  • Susceptibility - refers to the level of infrastructures, poverty and nutrition
  • Coping - ability to resist the impact of the natural disaster through preparedness
  • Adaptive - capacity to make strategies to reduce impact of natural disaster
• Risk


  The possibility that something unwelcome or unpleasant will happen
• Disaster risk


  The possibility of injury, loss of life, destruction or damage to livelihood, assets and to the environment due to a disaster in a given period of time
• Philippines tops world disaster risk index 2022 - floods, heat waves, and droughts are increasing seriously and climate change is also having a massive impact on the assessment of risks - NDRRMC
• Risk factors


  Something that increases risk
• Risk factors underlying disasters

  • Severity of Exposure - The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to the risk of future mental problems, Indirect exposure have lower risk
  • Gender and Family - Women suffers from more negative effects than men, Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home
  • Age - Adults who are in the age ranging from 40 to 60 are likely to be more distressed after a disaster, Children show more severe stress after disasters than adults, Higher stress to parents are related to worse recovery of children
  • Negative Social Support - can be both a risk or resilient factors, Social support can weaken after disasters, sometimes, responses you rely on are negative
• Other factors predicting worse outcomes

  • Bereavement (death of someone close)
  • Injury to self or another family member life threat
  • Panic, horror, or feelings during the disaster
  • Being separated from family (especially among youth)
  • Great loss of property
  • Displacement (being forced to leave home)
  • Developing Countries
• Exposure


  The degree in which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes, the involvement of living and non-living things in a certain phenomenon in a given period of time
• Vulnerability


  The diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope up, resist and recover from the impact of hazard, the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or assets make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard, to what extent you are exposed to a phenomenon wherein you may not be able to cope, Situation-specific and Hazard-specific
• Factors determining people's level of vulnerability

  • Physical
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Political
• Potentially vulnerable groups


  • Displaced populations who leave their residences collectively
  • Migrants who leave or flee their residences and go to new places
  • Returnees- former migrants or displaced people returning to their homes
  • Specific groups within the local population
  • Young children, pregnant and nursing women, unaccompanied children, widows, elderly people without family support, and disabled persons
• Dimensions of exposure and vulnerability

  • Social Dimension - covers a wide range of concerns (including migration, social groups, health and well-being, education, culture, institutions, and governance aspects) but demography is the most aspect, Population density maps are excellent indicators of exposure and vulnerability
  • Environmental Dimension - the physical aspects of exposure and vulnerability which refer to location and built structures
  • Economic Dimension
• Essential facilities


  • Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities and Facilities Containing Hazardous Materials - Dams and ponds, Fuel reservoirs, pipelines, and pumps, Power generating plants and lines, Multi-purpose hydropower plants, water tanks, and lines, Food processing facilities
  • Transportation Lifelines - Highways, bridges, railway tracks, and tunnels, Bus facilities, Port and harbor facilities, Airport facilities and runways
  • Utility Lifelines - Potable water facilities, wastewater facilities, pipelines, and distribution lines, Oil and natural gas system facilities, pipelines, and distribution lines, Electric power facilities and distribution lines, Communication facilities and distribution lines
  • Educational facilities, Medical and healthcare facilities, Emergency response facilities, Government offices, Recreational or tourist facilities, Places of worship, Banks and financial centers, Markets and shopping centers, Cemeteries
• Factors to consider assessing the level of vulnerability of an area

  • Proximity to a Hazard Event
  • Population Density near Hazard Event
  • Capacity and Efficiency to Reduce Disaster Risk
  • Building Codes and Disaster Policies
• Categories of vulnerability

  • Physical/ Material Vulnerability
  • Social/ Organization Vulnerability
  • Attitudinal/ Motivational Vulnerability
• Disaster risk assessment

  Risk Assessment = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability
• Steps in disaster risk assessment

  • Identify the hazard
  • Identify who and what are exposed to hazards - Physical Elements, Social Elements, Economic elements, Environmental elements
  • Determine the vulnerability of exposed elements
• Reducing vulnerability is one of the main opportunities for reducing disaster risk. Vulnerability changes over time because many of the processes that influence vulnerability are dynamic
• Approaches to vulnerability reduction

  • Implementing building codes
  • Insurance and social protection (risk)
  • Emphasizing economic diversity and resilient livelihoods
  • Knowledge and awareness raising
  • Preparedness measures
• Elements exposed to hazards

  • Physical Elements - Brick Missionary, Dry Wall Installers, Electricians, Painters, Carpet layers, Insulation roofers, Carpenters
  • Socio-Economic - compromises the institutional and government system that dictate the kind of well-being and lifestyle of communities
  • Environmental - Pollution, Global Warming, Deforestation, Soil Erosion
• Capacity

  Combination of all strengths and resources available within a community, society, or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster
• Capacity development

  Process through which individuals, organizations, and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their development objectives over time
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

  Promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations and advocates for change and connects countries, provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries
• Coping capacity

  The ability of people, organizations, and systems in using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions
• United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)

  A strategic framework, adopted by United Nations Member States in 2000, aiming to guide and coordinate the efforts of a wide range of partners to achieve substantive reduction in disaster losses and build resilient nations and communities
• Hazard, Vulnerability, and Capacity Assessment (HVCA)

  • Hazard Assessment - participatory analysis of past patterns of hazards and present threats at the community level
  • Vulnerability Assessment - combined with an understanding of the underlying causes of why hazard becomes a disaster
  • Capacity Assessment - available resources an affected community uses to cope with the adverse effects
• Goals of HVCA

  • To identify the element at risk and to prioritize those that need to be protected
  • To identify appropriate disaster preparedness and mitigation responses
  • To raise the community's awareness about potential disaster risks
  • To provide disaster-specific information
  • The result can be used during emergency relief needs and draft appeals
  • Provides indicators to measure changes in people's vulnerability
• Features of hazard that need to be considered for selecting preparedness measures

  • Hazard Type
  • Warning Sign
  • Forewarning
  • Speed of Onset
  • Frequency
  • When
  • Duration
• Hazard symbols

  • Health Hazard
  • Flammable
  • Harmful/irritant
  • Gas Under Pressure
  • Corrosive
  • Explosive Bomb
  • Oxidation
  • Global Harmonized System (GHS) 09
  • Toxic

  
• Hazard

  Refers to anything that is a source of danger or interruption, the potential damage to man and his environment from the occurrence of a natural event, an event becomes a hazard when it occurs near or close to a populated area, a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property and environment, most hazards are dormant o potential with only a theoretical risk of harm
• Types of hazards

  • Safety Hazards - Can cause physical Harm
  • Moral Hazards - Financial Risks
• Incident

  A hazardous situation that has come to pass
• Risk

  Hazard and possibility interact together to create risk
• Potential to cause harm to

  • People - death, injury, disease or stress, hazards can affect people biologically, physiologically, mentally and psychologically
  • Human Activity - economic, and educational activities imposes distress, anxiety and pressure thus limiting us to becoming productive and functional
  • Property - property damage and economic loss may destroy physical elements such as infrastructures
  • Environment - loss of Fauna and flora, loss of amenities, pollution
• Hazard

  A situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property and environment